A15: Annotated Bibliography – Tikeena Sturdivant

Background: This is a interview between Adrian Peterson and Jim Brown regarding Peterson’s performance and how he felt he was being treated. He recognize his abilities and speak on how the coaches help him out. This interview also allows me to see another side of Adrian Peterson, i learned more about him.

How will I use it: I will use this source to prove that Adrian Peterson does have positive things to say about the NFL. I will also use this source to show what kind of man Adrian Peterson really is, proving that he did not mean any harm.

Background: This source helps me analyze the lockout regarding the labor disputes.

How will I use it: I will use this to make my point even stronger. Adrian Peterson isnt, and cant be the only one who feel as though the NFL practice poor labor habits. This source helps me see the bigger picture which my paper could benefit from.

Background: This source basically allow me to view things from a legal point of view. I’m able to get more information regarding how things are suppose to go in the NFL. Using this source I’m able to come to the conclusion that the lockout is wrong.

How will I use it: I will include things from this article to attack the legal part of this big controversy. I can also branch off of this source and further my research which will help me understand and view things from A legal perspective.

Background: This is a article that gets deep into details about the lockout. Because I am not “NFL intelligent” I need to get as much information as i can to understand these things better.

How will I use it: I will use to see why Adrian Peterson and other players were so frustrated because of the lockout.

Background: This provides me with specific NFL labor issues. I haven’t been able to find a source that would tell me exactly what the problem was until I came across this one.

How will I use it: I will use this information to make my argument stronger. I will be able to use specific examples and come up with more conclusion as to why there is so much controversy. It allows me to examine the problem between the owners and the players.

Background: The article examines the life of a slave after Emancipation. The Thirteenth Amendment freed about 4 million blacks from from hard work and poor labor. This article explain the effect of slavery and gives specific details  of what they had to go through.

How I will I use it: I will use this to make a better comparison of slavery to the NFL.

Background: This article gives the background information about African slaves in North America. This gives me the basic information I need to make my comparison to the NFL.

How will I use it: I will use this source to gain more knowledge about blacks as slaves.

Background: This article goes through the ins and the outs of the Civil War. It explains how slavery seems to be the “heart of conflict” between Americans.

How will I use it: I will use this article to get information I can to put in my paper as some type of evidence or proof, defending Adrian Peterson’s comment.

Background: This is an article explaining how the Packers could benefit from the lockout. Ryan Grant was against what Adrian Peterson said about the NFL. I wondered why so I decided to do some research and this article gave me exactly what I needed.

How will I use it: To prove why Ryan Grant would disagree with Adrian Peterson. If anyone was in his position I’m sure they would disagree with Adrian Peterson as well.

Background: This article provides me with the history of blacks in the NFL. It explained how hard it was for blacks to even get in the League and how things changed over time.

How will I use it: I plan on using this to compare where blacks where before and where they are now in the NFL. I find it funny that back then blacks were not wanted in the NFL now they make up 72%.

  • Wolff, Alexander. “Marshall Law.” Sports Illustrated 111.14 (2009): 64-65. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

Background: This is about a man name George Preston Marshall who refused to let blacks into the NFL. He did not want to give blacks a chance until his job was threatened. This was a follow up from my tenth source because I wanted to learn more.

How will I use it: I will used this source to further my knowledge about the history of blacks in the NFL. I would not be able to make sense in my paper if i did not know exactly what I was talking about and had things to refer to.

Background: This is a article that gets other opinions from NFL two NFL players, Ryan Grant and Rashard Mendenhall. Ryan Grant dis agrees with Adrian Peterson, however, Rashard Mendenhall agrees with him. These opinions are needed to examine how other players feel.

How I will use it: I will use it by comparing what each player had to say. Adrian Peterson is not the only player who felt this way, he’s just the other player who spoke up and expressed his feelings. I will try to figure out why Ryan Grant disagree with him.

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Reflective Statement – Jesse Samaritano

On arrival to this semester, I have been aware I am far from being the best writer out there. My grammar skills are not up to par, my writing style is not elegant or noteworthy and I am certain that my future career would not fit as an author or a journalist, but I have not let this stop me in meeting the expectations of this course. Writing assignments have always had a way of stressing me out or making me frustrated, but I am able to put that aside and put in my best effort to do as well as I can. Through the Core Values, I will show that I was able to take in and apply the information expected from me in this class.

The best assignment that I can say showed my understanding of the meaning of Core Value 3, which is “understand how texts represent meaning and how the processes of writing and reading create and interpret meaning,” would be my research paper. To avoid confusion and get my point across more clearly, I helped expressed my claims and arguments I made through examples and scenario. To clarify why I believe that people justify downloading music illegally off the internet, I stated that they are just making excuses to themselves for something that they know is wrong. I then related that to the example of lying to a friend and making the excuse that lying to that person would be better than telling the truth even though we know that it is wrong to lie to prove that people make excuses for doing immoral things. By choosing the right thing to say at the right time can clarify points and claims to the reader to help them better understand what you are trying to say. By relating the point you are trying to a more relatable scenario, I am helping to get across exactly what I mean to say, rather than the reader interpreting what I mean to say in the wrong way.

The second core value to be discussed, Core Value 5, states that I should “Understand the role and use of information in writing.” This value is important not just through writing, but in anything you hear or see also. By understanding this core value, I have been able to look past the opinion or emotional aspect of any argument and instead look at the facts given and determine if the information of the argument given is binding. I believe that I showed understanding on this subject best through my writing on research paper because I was able to apply accurate numbers and statistics when needed and information on the subject that helps clarify the points I make through my writing. For example, by giving the statistics given by a source for the loss of revenue in the music industry between 1999 and 2008, I was able to give enough evidence to convince the reader that my claims are backed up by real numbers. By providing well placed statistics or information can help turn a dull claim into a fact that can change the point of view of the reader entirely. Using information when necessary doesn’t only help pursued the reader to agree with an argument or point, but makes the paper credible.

Core Value 7, which is “Understand the power and ethical responsibility that comes with the creation of written discourse,” is the most important core value to me because I feel that this core value is disregarded by many people in the media. When I watch news channels on television, I witness account after account of anchors or news personalities misusing information, and in some cases just making things up. The responsibility that comes with informing others with valid and fact based evidence is under looked in society today, and giving people false information that they believe they can trust is too common. Through discussions and focus on this subject in our Comp 2 class, I have learned the importance of making false claims, and I avoid this by making sure that my claims can be back up by doing research. During my research paper, I made sure to make accurate claims through research on the subject.

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Final Research Paper- Tyson Still

Gangs are not limited to being one certain type of group. A gang can be made up of anyone; it can be made up of one race group, a group of mixed races or people who come together with something in common. According to Brantly and DiRosa, “Gangs can be said to be a group of three or more individuals bonded together by race, national origin, culture, or territory, who associate on a continual basis for the purpose of committing criminal acts. In this definition, territory can refer either to geographic location or to the scope of a particular criminal enterprise.” Being that there can be so many different types of people, shows that there are common reasons why people join gangs. These reasons however have changed over the years and are no longer good reasons. A big reason which is also a problem is when the person lacks a father figure and love. In the end however we can prevent the joining of gangs in a simple way.

Let us first take a look back at the groups of people who were considered gangs back in the day. Before today’s time, some gangs were bettering society instead of being violent and selling drugs. There were groups/gangs that were formed to fight for their rights as an American citizen. For example, the group of African Americans in the Civil Rights movement, the Black Panthers group, along with different student union groups, they were all doing positive movements for society. Now I am not saying every gang was fighting for their rights because there was some fighting for what they “believed” was right for society when in reality it was not.   One of these groups was known as the “KKK.” They believed in white supremacy and they were violent towards African Americans. Even before this group there was another group similar to the KKK overseas. They were Germans who was led by Adolf Hitler and called the Nazis; who were also a gang that saw there being only one race and were violent to any other kind. None of these groups were called gangs, but their actions in society could classify them as one. These are the “gangs” from back then and they are a lot different than the gangs today. Even though they were not considered gangs, they still fall under that category because they were in groups that committed crimes. They weren’t just regular groups, they were together all of the time and committed murders against others they felt as though were not equal to them.

Now there are basically three different reasons that make gangs today and the “gangs” back then different from each other. The African American groups back in the day were actually fighting for their rights. They were being mistreated and considered unequal from the whites in that time. They had to fight to survive from “gangs” such as the KKK and even from the white officers that were supposed to protect them. While the KKK and Germans on the other hand felt as if the other races were beneath them, so they used force and violence to try and get rid of the other races. Some gangs today use violence because they think the power of violence is equivalent to “fighting for what they believe is right”. When in reality they are not doing positive movements like the gangs fighting for civil rights. Another thing that were different for the African Americans were they felt no sense of belonging to the society because the whites treated them as lower class. With no sense of belonging or feeling comfortable with the way they were living, they had no choice but to join together as one and form a unit to fight against the odds. This compares them to teens today, as they seek for that sense of belonging that their father figure is not giving them. Their family might not be showing much attention to them as well so a gang is where they can get that extra love and bond to fight against the odds of not being comfortable with the way they are living.  What also makes these gangs today different is they do not have an actual reason of why they are violent towards people and other groups. Most gangs are fighting over territory, money or drugs. Which are meaningless reasons that is changing the way society is in a negative way.

Another big difference between today and the past is the violence rate, committed by teens whether in a gang or not. The teen rate for violence is increasing and most of the teens in gangs are being locked up due to gang violence. There are about 1 million gang members in the U.S today, and about 400,000 of them are juveniles under the age of 18. This means out of the 25 million teens in the United States around 14 percent of the teens in the United States are gang members. After doing research on teenage boys in gangs, I found that 360,000 teenage boys are in gangs right now. The rate of teens in prison that are in gangs have increased since the year 2009 which was 7 out of 10 boys to  9 out of every 10 boys Another number to follow up on is that 89 percent of crimes committed by teens are committed by gang members.

To look at the rate of violence in the society we currently live in, the conclusion could be made that the world is starting to decrease the admiration of the life they are living in. But, everyone has their reasons for doing things in life. Many gang members have his or her reason for joining a specific gang. Even if they give you a reason such as they did it just to experience how it would be, there are more details to that story.

Recruitment for gangs seems to be getting younger and younger each time. Today’s generation happens to have an average age between 9-17 years old. Children not even in high school are joining gangs and committing violent acts before they even think about doing their homework. Gang members recruit younger kids most of the time not only to build their gang to be bigger in size but also to have the chance to lead by word not by example anymore. Most gang members who have been in the gang for a while wants to stop doing the actual crimes and start directing the younger ones to do the crimes for them.

There are plenty of different ways gangs can recruit members, one is temptation, which is a very common one. The gang members often offer the younger kids or teenagers money or some type of luxury object to lure them in and the kids cannot resist. Another aspect that lures the kids in is the parties and drugs. They’re a big part of the temptation part as well; the gang shows the kids that aspect of life and says that this is how life would be if they join. Another way people are recruited into a gang is by an obligation tactic. A gang member may do a favor for someone expecting nothing in return but to have that person later join that gang. This favor that is done could include protecting the kid from a bully, or even helping them with money issues and kids then feel obligated to return the favor.

Moreover, teens who desire for all of the finer things, begin to adapt to the mindset of doing whatever it takes to get them. If growing in a neighborhood with drug dealers and multiple murders happening, teens might handle situations differently than others who are not in that type of environment. There is a saying, “Money is the root of all evil” well that seems to be true when on the news every day you hear about young people in gangs getting killed over money. Gangs are the image of young teens living the luxury life, which makes other teens join their gang or other gangs because they want more.

Self-protection is another reason that happens to be a must in the world we live in today. No one is one hundred percent safe today. With all of the random killings happening in the world, anything is possible at any moment. Gangs are committing most of all crimes that are happening today. Gangs are the image of protection. If one of the members fight then they all fight. Teens look for this when living the life of a “street person”. If they are doing crimes such as: murders, stealing or robbing people, they want to know that they are going to be protected during this life of crime. Because a gang member is surrounded by loyalty, they consider themselves as a family, which gives them the sense that nothing will happen to them, but they are wrong. Just because you are in a gang does not mean you are invincible.

Furthermore, another reason some teens join a gang is because they are not getting the full effect of unconditional love and can be emotionally unstable. They put their trusting into gangs to seek the extra love they desire for. Things that teens look for in gangs are the bond that they can receive form a brother or sister as well as the love of a guardian or parent type of comfort. The specific bond that a mother or father or both can give their child means a lot to a child and without that they can go astray which can lead them to the bad decision to live a life of crime.

Another reason to join a gang is because the boy grows ups without a positive male role model in their life; which is possibly what leads the child on the path of joining a gang. Teenagers today without that positive male guidance can be confused in life and do not know how to cope with that type of problem, so they look for gangs to fulfill their sense of belonging by a male bondage they are seeking. Research shows, that young black males that live in a single parent home whether with just father or mother, the likely hood of them committing a crime is twice as much as a young black male that live with both parents.

Research also shows that about 70% of all children that are incarcerated come from a home without a father. Greater numbers show that 40 percent of gang members live with their mother only, no father figure is in their life. According to Graeme Paton, “The lack of positive role models, the absence of a father in the home combined with too much freedom are seen to result in groups of young people with no respect for their elders.” This shows how bad society today is getting, where these kids, even at the age as young as nine, are not showing elders respect. Boys who grow up in broken marriages are also more than twice as likely as other young males to end up in jail and each year spent without a father in the home increases the likelihood of future incarceration by 5 percent (Father Absence and Youth Incarceration, 1999).

The numbers above show that not only does the lack of a positive male role model affect kids by making them join gangs but also in the way they live their life. A fatherless household can affect someone in a way by changing their life style and sometimes gives them the freedom to be able to join a gang.

Despite all of the reasons why kids join gangs and the statistics of things that happen to kids in gangs, it can all be prevented. Prevention of gang involvement could be very effective if ex-gang members could actually get their message across to younger kids. My theory is the ex-gang member should not argue that there are not teens in gangs that still have that father figure in their life because percentages show that there are, but prove that without a positive male role model in a young person’s life they are more likely to join a gang. A great way for a teen to know what not to do in life is if they have that positive male role model in their life that also was in a gang but got out of it just to change his life around.

It is not easy for a child to stay away from gangs especially if they are not getting the type of love and attention they need, as well as the guidance they require, but there are ways around such things like this. For example encouraging your child to join more school programs or sports could be a great way to get them another type of bonding that a gang might have to offer. I recently asked a person that I knew who was involved with a gang who did not have that steady male role model in his life and his reason was much of the same as another person would say, but he added more. “My reason was anger, towards him and life itself and I did not know how to release it. I received guidance from my friends who were in a gang and they pulled me in. It felt as if my family was complete, but I realized I had a new family to look up to for guidance.” Even though he was not completely fatherless, he still searched for help with accepting life as it was given to him.

More young people are growing up lacking that extra love, attention, and guidance which is causing them to make the wrong turn in life. A strong father figure can prevent that from happening if he fulfills that negative space that is spreading through the teen’s life.

There are benefits of not having a father around. The most popular one is that you have a chance to be better than your “father” was. Teens might say that their father did this and did not do that, but as stated in a recent article “you don’t need your father to be your father figure” meaning you can find that father in someone else that is successful at being a great father.

In conclusion, there are plenty of reasons that leads to gang involvement, whether it be that’s what they grew up around, it could be to live the life that you think will be full of luxury items or even if you need a sense of protection. More teens today though join gangs because they are lacking that father figure or positive male role model that prevents them from having the sense of belonging to a complete family.  More fathers should try and prevent this by being there for their child and showing them the right way to live life. A mother can be strong, but some teens do not see that as being complete in life. So they search for gangs to fulfill their needs and as that happens they turn to the life of crime.

 Annotated Bibliography


Teens involved with gangs Academic Search Premier Nov/Dec2010, Vol. 36 Issue 6, p423-436, 14p, 5 Charts

Nothing New Academic Search Premier May94, Vol. 63 Issue 5, p1, 6p, 3 Black and White Photographs

Benefit of not having a father  Brett & Kate McKay on June 17, 2009

No Acceptance Tiki33 in Issues, March 10, 2012

Just Say No

Link1

Link2

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Link4

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Final Research Paper – Tikeena Sturdivant

Yahoo’s Shutdown Corner conducted an interview with Adrian Peterson concerning the National Football League’s lockout. Adrian Peterson is a running back for the Minnesota Vikings, he was chosen in first round of the 2007 NFL Draft as pick seven. He compared being in the NFL to being a “modern day slave,” which offended many NFL fans. His comment was not meant to offended anyone, he was just expressing his frustration about the lockout. “It was [taken] out of context and it was on me for putting it out there to make it available to be taken out of context,” explained Peterson.

Adrian Peterson was metaphorically speaking when he tried to explain how he felt about the NFL as a whole. If someone was to actually examine the two I’m sure they’ll see many things that parallel. The fact that NFL players make a lot of money goes void when they are told who they have to work for. They don’t have a great number of teams who want them giving them the freedom to pick who they want to play for. In comparison, slaves will never given the freedom to pick who they wanted to work for. They had to work for who they were “drafted” to, which means they had no say so just like a NFL player. Slaves were “drafted” based on attributes such as intelligence, physical strength, skills, ad state of health. Most of the time slaves will be examined at an auction which their owners were allowed to purchase them. This for NFL players is done at the combine, which gives them the opportunity to show team owners what they’re capable of through their strengths and skills.

Slaves and NFL players were chosen based on the same attributes, which I found very interesting. The condition that slaves had to suffer in during this time might have been worth then NFL players, however, they also are put in uncomfortable situations. Professor Hodges brought something else to my attention, he said “Teams want to ‘get something for them’ instead of ‘letting them go for nothing.” Basically, if they remain healthy and continue to work on their strengths and skills they will be “granted a free agent.” This sounds identical to emancipation, I would have never thought of it this if Professor Hodges did not bring it to my attention.

Slavery will always be the “heart of conflict” between blacks and whites, at least it seems that way. There will always be whites who still believe that have the upper hand in the world compared to blacks. In addition, there will always be blacks who feel some type of resentment towards whites. In my causal essay, I explained how slaves were forced to deal with the hardships of being a slave or be set free and have nothing at all after the Thirteenth Amendment.

The Thirteenth Amendment says, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall not exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Before the Thirteenth Amendment, President Lincoln released some thing that he thought would completely end slavery called the Emancipation Proclamation. This declared “all persons held as slaves within any state, or the designated part of a state, people whereof shall then be a rebellion to the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” The Emancipation Proclamation was not taken serious which is why an actual Amendment had to be passed to give all Americans civil rights. The Thirteenth Amendment was the “final constitutional solution” to slavery. It was passed before the Southern states were restored, at the end of the Civil War. Once slaves were set free, they did not have to much to make a living with. It was almost like it was better just to just become a slave again. Even after the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment were passed, the life of a slave was hard. They were still neglected by society and had to deal with racial discrimination. As I mentioned in my causal essay, the Union Army encouraged blacks to go back to work as a slave to avoid the every day discrimination of not just one person but a whole society. I said, “I don’t think I would be willing to go back and work for anybody but what can I do if no one was willing to help me?” They could find jobs, they were lonely because they didn’t know where their family was, and they couldn’t find or pay for somewhere to live. They were forced to accept the hardships of being a slave or had the option to be free with nothing or no one, which immediately put the NFL lookout on my mind!

Some of the men in NFL lost their positions due to the lack of funding provided by the team owners. The lack of funding caused a great decrease in the salary. Did the team owners make less money? These white men are making money off of how good the players play a game and accept them to just deal with it because of the amount of money they making. Players are expected to go on the field and work hard to help make their owner money. That sounds parallel to slavery to me! Are they wrong for feeling like slaves because of the way they are being treated? Are owners wrong for treating them as if they do all the work and the players do nothing?

White men began to be smart with there decisions and do what would look right in the public’s eye. Nobody will automatically see something wrong or even acknowledge the fact that all team owners are white men. Who says the white man can’t still make money off of hard working blacks in 2012? NFL players don’t even make half of what a team owner makes. What’s wrong with this picture? Who’s working the hardest, the team owners or the players? Blacks make up 70% of the NFL an 100% of the team owners are white men. All slave owners were white most of the slaves if not all were black. How much has really changed? The history of blacks in the NFL very interesting and led me to many conclusions.

George Preston Marshall had on influence on blacks being “forced out of the league.” He was the owner of the Redskins on refused to signed blacks into the NFL in 1961. Due to the All-American Conference the NFL was forced to sign more blacks. However, George Marshall remained skeptical about signing blacks to the NFL until he was confronted with “civil rights legal actions” by the Kennedy administration in 1962. He gave in once he realized his lease with the D.C Stadium would be destroyed if he continued to try and exclude blacks from professional football. Blacks began to get signed but of course they were treated poorly because they weren’t wanted there. Their contracts consisted of less money and only a few years compared to a white male on the very same team as them. Blacks were good enough for the AFL, American Football League, but not the NFL. The AFL had 17% more blacks then the NFL, which said a lot! Its almost liking saying “blacks are worthy enough to clean my house but not build one of their own!”

Besides the racial policies of the NFL, players are also expected to deal with terrible labor. No one wants to be treated wrong no matter how much they are making. In my opinion, it seems as if the team owners have so much to say until the labor practices and their reasoning behind things are questioned.

“The NFL files Unfair Labor Practices Charge Against NFLPA,” was the title of an article I found online which immediately caught my attention. “The players didn’t walk out, and the players can’t lockout,” the union’s statement read. “Players want a fair, new and long-term deal. We have offered proposals and solutions on every issue the owners have raised. This claim has absolutely no merit.” The lockout was basically to change things in the owner’s favor but I feel as though that is very selfish of them. They were really willing to lock the players out to meet their needs, it had nothing to do what the player which it should have. I will continue to say the players are the ones who do the most work while the owners literally sit back and make more money then the “slaves”. Oops, I meant professional football players! “Wealthy white men still gather in rooms to decide how many times a year to put their mostly black players onto the field to put on a show for the fans,” Professor Hodges said as I stated in my causal essay. The white man had the upper hand before the Thirteenth Amendment and truth be told, he still does today!

Team owners walked out of a meeting, expressing the fact that the players wanting half of “all league revenues” was not acceptable. Players even asked to view the financial statements of their team and confirmation as to where the money is going. The team owners easily take one billion dollars off the table, no questions asked. The ratio from owners to players is 60/40 which is not fair, it should be the other way around. These professional football players are expected to work hard for someone else, a white man, to do nothing and make more money then them. The more I do my research on this topic, I have realized how terrible these players are being treated. They are literally working like slaves and getting just as much credit as a slave did for making the plantation a success.

“I have to totally disagree with Adrian Peterson’s comparison to this situation being Modern day slavery..false.. Their is unfortunately actually still slavery existing in our world.. Literal modern day slavery… That was a very misinformed statement,” Ryan Grant, who plays for the Green Bay Packers, posted on a social network called Twitter. Of course he did not try to understand exactly why Adrian Peterson said what he said. Why does he agree with Adrian Peterson? Is he really happy with the labors of the NFL? Is he happy because this gives the Packers time to wait for their best players to recover from injuries? Everyone knows football is a competitive sport. If I had time over to make my team better, I would not complain. After recovering from injuries the players get to renegotiate their contract, which means more money in the long run. Ryan Grant was also a injured player who had more time to recover. I dont think no one complain if they were in his shoes.

I analyzed Ryan Grant’s response to Adrian Peterson’s comment to prove why he doesn’t feel the same way as other players about the lockout. Him and his team can benefit form the lockout whereas the lockout will not benefit some teams. Ryan Grant has every right to be okay with the lockout he might not be making as much money as the team owners but the Packers can benefit from the fact that the lockout gives them more time to get the team together.

In conclusion, I agree with the conclusion that Adrian Peterson was able to come up with based on the labor practices of the NFL. Yes, he could have expressed his frustrations in a different  way. He apologized for offending anyone by his comment. Although things could have been said different, its not like his comment was completely wrong. After doing research I can defend his comment by saying the NFL is parellel to slavery which can cause Adrian Peterson and other players  to feel like “a modern day slave.”

Word Cited

Wolff, Alexander. “Marshall Law.” Sports Illustrated 111.14 (2009): 64-65. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

Lomax, Michael E. “The African American Experience In Professional Football.” Journal Of Social History 33.1 (1999): 163. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

Fletcher, George P. “Lincoln And The Thirteenth Amendment.”OAH Magazine Of History 21.1 (2007): 52-55. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

“NFL Files Unfair Labor Practices Charge Against NFLPA.” AOL News. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

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Reflective Essay- Aime Lonsdorf

As the school year draws to an end, many students are left reflecting on their successes and failures for the spring semester. While this semester at Rowan University has proven to be significantly harder than my prior semester, I feel that I have attempted to work as hard as I possibly could in my classes while also being able to fully enjoy my Freshman year. In regards to my College Composition II class, I have often felt like it was a pure waste of time. I am an efficient writer when it comes to essays: between my Freshman year, I have not received a grade below a B in any of my other classes. So, for a long time writing essays and various short assignments for my Composition class felt unnecessary. However, half way through the semester, I became aware of the fact that I might have been over-confident in my writing abilities. My professor often tore apart my essays, claiming I was often being vague, repetitive or not analytical enough. Throughout the course of this class, I was faced with new challenges: rewriting most of my essays until their was undeniable clarity between my ideas, and often looking deeper into my arguments than I had ever done before and making unambiguous arguments. I fully believe that there has been a significant improvement in my writing since the beginning of semester. The guidance and often hefty critiques of my professor has led me to becoming a better writer by practicing the seven core values of writing.

 

In order for a college student to become an advanced writer, they must be able to understand the seven core values of writing. These core values serve as a purpose for emerging writers to improve their personal writing skills, understand the audience to whom he or she is writing for and the academic implications of their work. The first core value serves to make sure the writer can identify where he or she understood that writing is a multi-stage, recursive and social process that requires time for information-gathering, development and reflection on their work. Core value two makes sure that the student understands that a higher level of writing involves making conscious choices to effectively communicate their message to the audience with purpose. Core value three requires that the student understands that test represent meaning and deserve complex analytical strategies; the fourth focuses on the college writer understanding the editing process and the fifth core value highlights drawing experience from others. The sixth core value makes sure that the writer acknowledges the work of others as their own intellectual property and always attributes ideas to the sources from which they were taken; the successful writer never plagiarizes. Last but not least, the seventh and final core value addresses writers focusing on serious and complex topics. While all seven values are important to writing, in my composition class, I focused a great deal on improving core values three, five and seven.

 

As I stated before, the third core value stresses the importance of understanding how texts represent meaning and how the process of writing and reading can create meaning. I efficiently tackled this core value through my Visual Argument Analysis piece. The assignment required me to watch a television advertisement about unplanned pregnancies. First watching the advertisement without sound, I created what I felt to be an accurate analysis of the commercial based on what I saw, interrupted and how it made me feel. After doing this, I re-watched the advertisement, this time with sound. One last time, I analyzed the commercial. I described that the entirety of the commercial made me feel uncomfortable due to the awkwardness of the couples portrayed in the commercial. When I first played the advertisement without sound, I was able to infer that the commercial attempted at promoting some form of contraception when the words “Bedsider.org” flashed across the screen, quickly changing into pictures of condoms, shots and pill packages. Then, when played with sound, it became very clear that the producers of the advertisement intended for it to come across as awkward due to the upbeat song playing in the background. I further concluded that the commercial was intended to be awkward when I was able to hear a voice over say “You didn’t give up on sex. Don’t give up on birth control either.” This then lead me to hypothesize that it was produced by a more liberal organization who supported safe sex and contraception. After checking out Bedsider.org, I was able to research all the various forms of contraception, and confirm my hypothesis. Writing the Visual Argument Analysis demonstrated that I was able to successfully understand the meaning represented through the text, or advertisement, and how the process of viewing the advertisement both with and without sound helped me interpret it. Through this assignment, I was able to clearly demonstrate my understanding of the third core value and strengthen my skills at evaluating texts.

 

After evaluating all my work, I have come to the conclusion that this was the hardest core value for me to conquer was the fifth. It is also the most important out of the three core values that were focused on in class this semester. This value focuses on understanding the role and usage of information in writing. I discovered the true difficulty of this value to be the hardest to accomplish when I was writing my Research Position Paper on American obesity. Attention to detail is very important: if a writer makes a statement that can be proven false their entire argument is flawed. For this reason, a writer must be very precise when making an argument. Although I at first felt that my Research Position Paper was written with clarity and made clear arguments, several revisions later proved otherwise. With the help of my professor I was eventually able to make my arguments unambiguous. The evolution of core value five can be clearly seen in my revision process through my argument of measuring waist circumference versus the continued usage of the BMI system . For a decent period of time (consisting of several revisions) I struggled to make my argument as accurate as possible and unquestionable. Now, at the end of the semester, I firmly believe that I made the argument about waist circumference being the best possible alternative measure to the BMI system as convincing error-free as i could. Not only did my personal writing skills improve, but my Research Position Paper was greatly benefited by the fifth core value.

 

The last core value that was emphasized in my composition class was the seventh. Core value seven states that students must understand the power and ethical responsibility that comes with the creation of written disclosure. This means that writers must be creditable and respectful when presenting their views through their work. Writing can have long-lasting effects on people, communities and even the world. Small scale examples of this could include the popular diet book Eat Clean by Tosca Reno who had originally published her work as an expression of her personal life choices and ended up influencing hundreds of people to attempt her dietary methods. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.‘s speech “I have a dream” is a much larger example of the power of written or spoken word. While his speech was timed perfectly with the mass movement of US citizens to end segregation, King touched the hearts of many, helped change legislation and much more. Although none of my writing pieces this semester will have as great as an impact as either Reno’s or King’s works, I believe that I demonstrated the seventh core value through my 15 source annotated bibliography and siting my sources throughout my Research Position paper. This demonstrates ethical responsibility by allowing readers to know that the information I used was not made up and extracted from reliable sources. Therefore, if a reader disagrees with a statement made by my paper, they can visit the sources and decide whether or not I evaluated the information correctly. From there, he or she can formulate his or her own opinion about the information rather than holding me responsible. Overall, I think that I did a good job at picking out sources that fit my research topic but also countered the arguments made, showing both sides of the issue. My 15 source annotated bibliography successfully demonstrates the seventh core value.

 

College Composition II serves as a gate way to creating better, well-informed writers who will be able to successfully utilize all seven core values in their writing pieces. Before entering this course, I over compensated my writing abilities. However, as I have demonstrated throughout this piece, I have learned a lot about improving my writing skills through the usage of the seven core values. These seven core values provide structure and guidance to developing college writers. Although they are all important in their own ways, the three that were closely worked with in my composition class were the third, fifth and seventh core values. In the future, I anticipate that I will refer back to the core values and be able to incorporate them in my writing. I hope to become better at the fifth core vale, which places emphasis on making clear and concise arguments. All in all, my College Composition II class was beneficial to my writing career.

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Reflective – Tikeena Sturdivant

Composition 2 has not been a “walk in the park” for me! This course may have been easy for others, however, it was slight difficult for me. It wasn’t that the work load was to much or the papers were difficult to do, my grammar skills just were not strong. As funny as it sounds, after a while the “”fail for grammar” comments that Professor Hodges were no longer frustrating. His comments pushed me to keep trying and do my papers carefully. Most importantly, I was taught how to use three core values which made writing papers and doing research much easier.

Core value 3 says, “Understand how texts represent meaning and how the processes of writing and reading create and interpret meaning.” Professor Hodges required us to complete a visual argument, this assignment allowed us to demonstrate our understanding of core value 3. We had to analyze a commercial about preventing and reducing domestic violence. We each wrote down what we saw, step by step. By looking at the commercial I would have not guessed it had anything to do with unplanned pregnancy, until the very end when the words appear on the screen. However, because we analyzed the commercial I understood and was able to interpret what I was watching. This proved that we all have used the core value 3 in this course.

According to core value 4, we should be able to “Understand the role and use of information in writing.” Each of our essays involved research and information from other sources. This core value was demonstrated in my final Research Paper, I would not be able to complete my paper without sources. However, during the course I learned that every website is not worthy to be used as a source. In the words of Professor Hodges, “If certain information isn’t there for you to create a citation, the anonymous author is not confident in his information and is not willing to be challenged by another source.” Even though it sounds like common sense, it made more sense to me after hearing from Professor Hodges. I cited all of my sources and quoted what needed to be quoted the correct way in my paper. I used my sources in my writing without plagiarizing which proved I’m able to complete core value 4.

“Understand the power and ethical responsibility that comes with the creation of written discourse,” is core value 5. In other words, we had to arrange insight from a range of outside sources. The topic for my research paper required a lot of research in order for me to become knowledgeable about every aspect of my paper. I researched the history of blacks in the NFL, slavery, the NFL lockout, the NFL labor practices and much more! All of this information together helped me to form a great research paper that is very detailed and informative. Other football players opinions mattered in my paper as well, simply to make sure Adrian Peterson was not the only one to feel the way that he did. I feel that core value 5 has been demonstrated and completely understood during my composition 2 experience.

This course have taught me to focus on using valid reasoning, evidence, and persuasion. Professor Hodges was very helpful this semester and patient with me as a student. I am more careful about what I write and how I write. Overall, composition 2 was a great experience and I was able to take a lot away from it! It has been a pleasure to have David Hodges as my professor.

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Reflective- Marty Bell

Allowing One’s Writing to Evolve

The end of this semesters College Composition II course is approaching quickly. I will now look at how I have gained an understanding of what is most important when it comes to writing. This class has helped me to understand the meaning of the Core Values. But, most importantly the main Core Values III, V, and VII. Throughout this semester I demonstrated all three of these Core Values in my writing.

The main goal of Core Value III is to understand how texts represent meaning and how the processes of writing and reading create and interpret meaning. The work that demonstrated this the most was my Visual Argument. My Visual Argument involved me watching a commercial on unplanned pregnancy prevention over and over and analysing this article without any sound. I described each scene of the commercial and interpreted the meaning behind them. My descriptions demonstrated how I understood the meaning behind the commercial. In one particular scene a women takes off her scarf with an intimate look on her face then a man stumbles into a table while attempting to take his clothes off. I described how this scene makes the message clear that they man is not very smooth and therefore doesn’t do it often. I wrote that the fact that he stumbles with taking his clothes means the man is not experienced and not prepared. This allowed me to describe how the director was trying to get across the message that the sexual activity they were about to indulge in was unplanned. By describing this scene it demonstrated my understanding of Core Value III.

The next Core Value, Core Value V, focuses on understanding the role and use of information in writing. Looking back at the course I notice I have demonstrated this value repeatedly. But, the assignment that allowed me to demonstrate this value with the most meaning must be my Research Position Paper. I showed my understanding on how information should be used all through out my paper. I used an article on how exactly taking anabolic steroids will increase the home run production in baseball instead of just assuming the reader knows. I provide the exact information and cite it appropriately. This shows that I know how to use information in the correct role to improve my paper. I used many sources to provide specific information that would help make my paper stronger and refute many critic’s views. This aspect of my writing allowed me to show how I understood and used Core Value V.

The last of the main three Core Value’s, Core Value VII, is about understanding the power and ethical responsibility that come with the creation of written discourse. I again demonstrate this value in my Research Position Paper. The fact that I took the time to look at many different angles and effects of steroids show that I tried to appropriately understand the topic. I looked at many points from critics to get a full understanding of my topic and to help decide which angle to write my paper from. I also demonstrated my understanding of the Core Value by using credible sources and citing them in the right situations. I used the sources and direct quotes from the sources to be more convincing of my point of view. Another way I showed my understanding through out this course was the numerous times I took feedback from the professor and other students and used it to improve my rewrites or next assignments. All of these are just some of the ways I demonstrated my understanding of Core Value VII.

This semester was very helpful in the progression of my writing. I began as a writer who was not confident at all in my work. With the help of feedback and lectures I began to understand the Core Values of writing. With a growing understanding of  these Core Values I became a better writer and more confident in my work. This College Composition II class and caused me to evolve as a writer. It did this mostly by giving me an understanding of all the Core Values but most Core Value’s III, V, and VII

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Reflective – Jon Otero

Surviving Comp II and Moving Forward

To build, often times it’s necessary to inspect a foundation and discover the essence of its strength. Comp II has proven that the best way to ensure that the foundation is solid is to completely destroy it and rebuild a new foundation. After going through cursive boot camp, I emerged from my previous writing level and significantly altered my entire writing process. I have come to the understanding of the importance of presenting my arguments in a structured, well-supported manner with the goal of contributing beneficial knowledge to the public and academic sphere.  The guidance and critique of my professor has steered me along a path of self improvement which has lead me to naturally practicing core values, especially values III, V, and VII, in everyday reading and writing.

My analytical response to writing, of all sources, has dramatically improved since the beginning of the Spring semester thanks to the proficiency displayed by my professor.  After debating and fabricating an argument of what the essence of money is, I received extensive feedback not only targeting various grammatical errors, weak sentence structures, etc., but also pointing out weaknesses in trusting poorly supported ideas. Core Value III is a about analyzing textual and visual arguments for effectiveness, persuasiveness, and structure. This ability to focus on the slightest of details was nearly nonexistent prior to my development in Comp II. I utilized the skill to break down the message of an argument with no words at all. For this semester’s Ad Council assignment, I chose a video advertising the necessity of being prepared for disasters. The ad was so effective because of the slightest attentions to detail planned by the directors. I spotted out the multiple symbols lurking in the background of the action and understood the logic behind the choices. In the disaster scene, certain objects were affected before others, supporting the total message that in a disaster, all that we hold to be most familiar, loses all recognizable characteristics and becomes the unknown. Elements of the effective use of symbolism would have passed the screen unnoticed without proper understanding of Core Value III.

As the semester comes to a close, I am confident I will continue to analyze arguments based on the use of evidence and structure. While unable to effectively decipher what sources could be trusted in the beginning of the semester, I vastly improved on my analysis skills and truly honed in on critiquing all evidence given in any form of argument. To understand Core Value V is to acknowledge the different interpretations of factual evidence and to distinguish the bias from the fact. The best way to understand claims and the true meaning behind the evidence supporting them is to visit the sources cited. As advised, I explored into subjects being open to all information, rather than just seeking what I had already thought. When choosing a topic for my research paper, I wanted to argue about how simple it is to lose weight and convince people how little drug companies care about the success of their clients’ weight loss. Researching obesity and the history of drugs made to combat the serious medical condition, I learned that losing weight at that state is not at all what I thought it was. Arguments supporting my original stance had no scientific evidence and stigmatized the failure of a few drugs on all drugs. I also researched the complexity of obesity and the toll that such weight has on the body. Using reliable scientific studies, I supported my research paper and the claims within it to reveal the role of chemical imbalances in shaping a person’s body. The abilities needed for Core Value V are all necessary to find reliable information on topics, which is crucial to creating effectively supported arguments.

Above all, writing must be done while understanding the nature of written discourse; it is open for the public to view and should be worthy enough to enter and contribute to the pool of academic knowledge. When forming arguments for my papers this semester, I made sure I researched as much information on the topic as possible to ensure that not only was I knowledgeable in the source, but also that I would be able to effectively rebut arguments opposing my own. In my causal essay, I understood how people could form the idea that eating too much causes obesity based on rudimentary understanding of nutrition. However, I learned that contrary to popular belief, malnutrition was a major cause of obesity. Without diving past all of the shallow understandings of human nutritional needs, I would have never discovered the study linking malnutrition and obesity. My full intention in writing my research paper and its supporting papers this semester was to contribute to the general understanding of health and nutrition. With that in mind, I prioritized scientific research as evidential backup rather than using emotional appeals because of the scientific nature of my topic.

Comp II has been a long journey that has yielded much self-improvement as a writer in regards to effective structuration, proper utilization of scientific information, and most importantly, the development of the proper skills to sort out bias and derive conclusions based on factual evidence in order to positively contribute to the pool of academic knowledge. I am confident these useful traits acquired by adherence to the Core Values will render me a much more capable writer than I ever would have been. Looking back on my writing prior to the semester, it is clearly evident that I have reached a new level of consciousness and confidence in my writing.

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Visual Argument Final- Aime Lonsdorf

First Viewing (No sound)

*A man and a women appear to be trying to have sexual intercourse

  • it appears very awkward
  • the video goes into several other couples trying to hookup in random spots and situations
  • it is an extremely awkward video
  • it is awkwardly funny
  • awkward is the only word that I am choosing to describe this video with because I believe that the video was intended to make people feel slightly uncomfortable
  • goes on to  show the words “bedsider”

*the video clicks over the bedside image showing different images that appear to have to do with sex

    • the images flash too fast for me to be able to tell what the mean

Following Views (with sound)

*there is an upbeat song that plays in the background of the awkward couples, making me feel slightly more uncomfortable. However, it is also a humorous feeling.

*each time i watch this ad, i still feel uncomfortable with how awkward they are making the attempts at sex appear

*again, i believe that the video was intended to be this way. sex is often awkward, especially when it is in the moment. The video seems to be focusing on in the moment sex.

*the end of the video claims vocally “you didn’t give up on sex, don’t give up on birth control either. There are more methods than you think. Find yours at bedsider.org”

*i missed this when the video was silent.

*this makes me think that the video was made by a more liberal organization because they are in favor of contraception and do not frown upon pre-marital sex

*i went to bedsider.org to learn all about the different options that people have

Some of the options:

*the shot: long lasting for up to three months and preferable for those who cannot take excess amounts of estrogen, a female sex hormone.

*the implant: a rod the length of a penny. According to the website, “there is nothing to think about in the moment and its easily hidden from everyone.” This confirms my thoughts that the organization is pro-contraception

*the “not right now method”: if you do not have sex, you will not get pregnant

*withdrawal: pulling out

*there were many other options with comical pictures which also indicated to me that the organization was liberal because it was geared towards young adults, knowing they would have sex and not wait until marriage like many conservatives think.

conclusion:

*the video clearly makes its point in the ad both through visuals, writing and vocals.

*it is funny and effective

*the song in the background adds a semi-dramatic, funny, awkward effect to the advertisement.

*the website is geared along the same lines and very effective

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Rebuttal Essay Final- Aime Lonsdorf

We have all heard it: America is obese. We are an obese nation; this notion can be attributed to Surgeon General David Satcher. Satcher identified the problem of America having the largest international body mass index (BMI) in 2001. In 2001, many medical professionals believed that a person’s obesity can be calculated through their BMI, a system that calculates the ratio of a person’s height and weight (Surgeon General). However, this is no longer the case. The acceptance of the BMI system is faltering because it is heavily flawed. It is gender and age specific in children under 15, it uses the same criteria across the board for all men and women, and the system cannot differentiate between fat and muscle. For over a decade, medical professionals passed these flaws off as minor because there was no better alternative system. But, realizing that a flawed system cannot keep being incorporated into American medical history, scientists are striving to find other methods that will accurately measure obesity. The recent notion that medical scientists need to find a better, alternative method to the BMI ratio has lead many people to question whether or not Americans are in fact as over weight as the BMI system claims and whether or not their supposed obesity has lead many people to negatively look at fast food and other sugars. The BMI system has too many flaws and should not continue to be implemented into American medical practices to dictate the obesity of Americans.

A series of studies have proven that a person’s BMI does not accurately reflect his or her body fat percentage. A research team from Michigan State University identified that BMI does not accurately calculate body fat. The team identified the number one issue that arises from using the BMI system: the same criteria for BMI are used for all adults of a specific gender. It does not make any difference to the BMI system whether you are a 21 year-old olympic athlete or a 75 year-old, immobile man (BMI Not Accurate). The system cannot distinguish the difference between fat and muscle. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded that the addition of calculating a persons waist circumference (WC) to their BMI is a better predictor of obesity risk and the illnesses that come with being overweight than the BMI system. Waist cercumference is a unique unit of measuring because it compares people both on a national scale, similar to the scale used by the BMI, and also incorporates their medical history. So, doctors can predict if a person is more likely to develop diabetes or heart failure as a result of being over weight. Women with WC of 35 inches or more and men with a WC of 40 inches or more are considered to be risk factors (Holley, Casey). However, the evidence is inconclusive due to the fact that there is not a significant amount of data supporting this theory outside of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition’s own testing (Janssen, Ian).

Ironically, the BMI system is self admittedly faulty. Promoters of the system is admit that the BMI is unable to determine if a person is overweight or just has a large amount of muscle mass. While he or she may be physically fit, and relatively healthy, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) would consider a person fitting this description overweight (Devlin). Arnold Schwarzenegger, a world class body builder and actor, was categorized into the highest level of obesity based upon the amount of muscle mass he has accumulated (Devlin). With clearly faulty classifications such as these, how can we trust the system? The blatantly defective evidence that disproves the BMI system leads to the question of whether or not America really was the most obese nation in 2001 as previously stated by the Surgeon General and if it is still on the track towards chronic obesity.

After the Surgeon General announced not so subtly that Americans were, in simple terms, fat, many medical professionals began to notice a spike in the national desire to be more health conscious and physically fit. Much of this was a result of numerous non-profit and government based organizations trying to influence the general public with negative images about being overweight and eating poorly; eating poorly meant primarily cutting out most sugars and processed foods. Men and women in America began to change much of their thinking when it came to what they ate. The biggest slam to any industry from the Surgeon General’s announcement came to the fast food industry because men and women were beginning to believe that eating at restaurants such as McDonald’s and Taco Bell induced American obesity. Contrary to this popular and often substantive belief, not all fast food restaurants are as detrimental to a person’s weight as previously believed.

McDonald’s is a prime example of this. Ever since the movie Super Size Me was released in 2004, exposing the dangers of a “super sized (Super Size Me),” or extra large, meal, McDonald’s has moved away from its long, publicly given title of the most unhealthy fast food establishment. While the movie helped change a great deal about McDonald’s and numerous other fast food establishments, they did not do all the work that has ranked McDonald’s 8th out of the top ten healthiest fast food establishments, according to a consensus produced by Health Magazine (Health Mag.). Other fast food chains such as Wendy’s or Taco Bell do not even make the cut. The magazine sent out a team of researchers to survey 100 fast food places, and scored them on factors such as the use of healthy fats and sodium counts, the availability of nutritional facts (which was previously hard to find in fast food chains), and the use of organic and natural produce. The article states that the once thought of as unhealthy restaurant is paving the way for other fast food industries in the currently “heart- and waist-friendly (Health Mag.)” society. One of the establishment’s most popular new techniques that has been incorporated into other establishments is the option to have a side of fruit with every happy meal instead of french fries. And, if you have to have the fries, their french fries are baked in CDA approved heart-healthy canola oil. Also, the chain offers low calorie options such as snack wraps which consist of a mere 260 calories (Health Mag.).

In 2009, leading expert in childhood obesity Robert Lusting stated in his lecture Sugar: the Bitter Truth, that sugar is “the most demonizing addictive known to man (Taubes, Gary),” labeling it the most toxic and poisonous food. Throughout his lecture, he attributed the incorporation of sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, and high fructose corn syrup,  into foods as the leading factor of obesity. Most of these sugars are incorporated into fast foods and other processed goods. Yet, it is not useful to place all the blame of weight gain onto one food. While Lusting suggests and enforces the idea of cutting out sugar entirely, the Dietitians Association of Australia does not recommend this at all. In their medical journal entry Sugar: not so toxic,  they state that when it comes to sugar, men and women should try to eat it in moderation and limit their intake of foods high in added sugar and low in nutritional value such as soda and candy (DAA).

If you have not seen the commercials proclaiming the goodness of high fructose corn syrup, then you should. Aside from their comical attributes, they are not wrong. What was conventionally known to be bad for your body, and toxic, according to Lusting, is far from it. Promoted by the Corn Refiners Association (CRA), the attempts to get high fructose corn syrup out of the toxic range are surprisingly being supported by the American Medical Association which recently announced that corn syrup does not contribute to obesity (McLaughlin, Lisa).

If the BMI system is clearly flawed and there are other better and more efficient methods of measuring the percentage of a person’s body fat, why are doctors still using it? If a person cannot accurately measure their actual fat percentage, how can we assume that America was at one time the world’s fattest nation? While it is clear that alternative methods to the BMI system are not yet medically accepted, it is also clear that to keep using the BMI system would not be beneficial towards the medical community in any means. The only absolute proof that has come from the realization that the BMI system is heavily flawed is the notion that America may in fact not be as obese as though of by the world’s populations. It is important that medical professionals continue to test alternative theories so that the public can be provided with a more reliable method of calculating a person’s body fat percentage.

Health Mag. “America’s Top 10 Healthiest Fast Food Places.” Health Magazine. Web. <http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20411588_5,00.html>.

Super Size Me. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. Perf. Morgan Spurlock. Cameo, 2005.

McLaughlin, Lisa. “Is High-Fructose Corn Syrup Really Good for You?” Time. Time, 17 Sept. 2008. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1841910,00.html>.

DAA. “Dietitians Association of Australia.” Sugar – Not so ‘toxic’. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. <http://daa.asn.au/for-the-media/hot-topics-in-nutrition/sugar-not-so-toxic/>

BMI Not Accurate Indicator Of Body Fat.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 09 Mar. 2007. Web. 02 Apr. 2012.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/64577.php>.

Devlin. “Devlin’s Angle.” Do You Believe in Fairies, Unicorns, or the BMI? Web. 02 Apr. 2012. <http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_09.html>.

Doheny, Kathleen. “New Alternative to BMI for Measuring Body Fat.” WebMD. WebMD. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20110303/new-alternative-to-bmi-for-measuring-body-fat>.

Holley, Casey. “Alternatives to BMI.” LIVESTRONG.COM. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/113959-alternatives-bmi/>.

Janssen, Ian. “The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.” Waist Circumference and Not Body Mass Index Explains Obesity-related Health Risk. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. <http://www.ajcn.org/content/79/3/379.short>.

“The Fattest Place On Earth.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 01 Apr. 2011. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/04/the-fattest-place-on-earth_n_804361.html>.

“The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity.” Surgeon General. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/1_1.html>

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