White Paper – iwantpopsicle

Posted on February 24, 2021 by iwantpopsicle

Hypothesis: Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder are not dangerous, but are in need of special help and psychiatric care and shouldn’t be stigmatized by the public and healthcare professionals. 

Source 1: 

Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. The cause of this personality disorder is only somewhat known currently, but it seems to stem from physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as a child. About 1-2% of the general population is affected by this disorder, and about 10% of people with BPD commit suicide. This is a very high number of people considering how that number relates to the total number of individuals that have it. Individuals with BPD require significantly more mental health resources than those with other common mental health disorders, because BPD causes severe psychosocial impairment and makes it hard to live a normal, functioning life. 

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.625.4235&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Source 2:

The Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder

When people with BPD are not seen in a formal mental health treatment setting, they are often seen when in times of crisis. This leads people to believe that those with BPD are constantly in crisis and are never recovering. The truth is that while those with BPD do suffer intensely a lot of the time, their condition is proven to improve over time with proper treatment. BPD can be effectively treated with Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Being that BPD stems from childhood trauma, it can be reliably and validly diagnosed in adolescence. Risk factors for developing BPD in adolescents include maternal-child discord, maternal BPD, and depression. In a 10 year study of 668 patients, researchers found that the patients had improved with their condition over the 10 year period while being treated. 

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/070674371506000702

Source 3:

Effectiveness of Partial Hospitalization in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Researchers took 38 patients that were diagnosed with BPD and placed them into two different groups. One group received partially hospitalized care, while the other group received standard psychiatric care. The measures that they were looking for included frequency of suicide attempts and self harm, inpatient visits and their duration, depressive symptoms, anxiety, interpersonal function, and social function. At the end of the study, they found that psychoanalytically focused partial hospitalized treatment was significantly more effective than standard psychiatric care. Patients in the partially hospitalized group showed significantly less frequent self harm, and much improved depressive symptoms.

https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.156.10.1563

Source 4:

The Stigma of Personality Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder is shown to be the most stigmatized mental disorder, and also has the most research related to its stigma. Individuals with mental illness are viewed to be at fault for their mental illness, and it is portrayed that they somehow choose to exhibit these symptoms. Despite efforts to combat this stigma, research shows that the situation has not improved over time, and people still continue to stigmatize the mentally ill. Some of those with personality disorders are afraid to seek treatment for their mental illness in order to avoid being labelled as “crazy”. This creates a very hard life for those who are struggling, as they are afraid to even get help in the first place. Those with BPD are shown to “self-stigmatize” and view themselves as insane, or unhelpable. This causes them to have great shame in their disorder and for their lives in general. Research shows that some psychiatrists may avoid telling their patient that they have BPD, in order to help them avoid stigmatization from the system.

https://www.bpdcommunity.com.au/static/uploads/files/2016-sheehan-the-stigma-of-pds-wfcdbbajayss.pdf

Source 5:

Why go to the emergency department? Perspectives from persons with borderline personality disorder

Those with BPD are treated differently by healthcare professionals due to their diagnosis. Sulzer (2015) found that healthcare providers describe patients with BPD as “difficult” and a “pain in the ass”. They will stigmatize patients for the very behaviors that they are trying to correct, such as manipulative, attention seeking, and suicidal tendencies. These things are outside of the patient’s control, and they wouldn’t be in the doctor’s office if they could help it on their own. Those with BPD have a very limited ability to cope with intense emotions, and this can make them hard to treat. When they are blamed for these behaviors, it perpetuates the stereotype that those with BPD are just attention seekers and choose to act the way that they do. BPD is characterized with feelings of intense loneliness and fear of abandonment, so when healthcare providers make this worse by giving sufferers less than adequate service, it just exacerbates these awful feelings.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amanda-Vandyk/publication/331202392_Why_go_to_the_emergency_department_Perspectives_from_persons_with_borderline_personality_disorder/links/5e0eac9592851c8364add2e9/Why-go-to-the-emergency-department-Perspectives-from-persons-with-borderline-personality-disorder.pdf
Posted in iwantpopsicle, White Paper | 8 Comments

My Hypothesis – rosekyd

Posted on February 24, 2021 by rosekyd
  1. Stereotypes are one of the leading causes of racism in America
  2. Americans that show different features than the white American seem to suffer from Racism more significantly.
  3. In order to eliminate racial stereotyping Americans need to keep an open mind when in confrontation of racism.
  4. One of the keys to solving racial stereotyping is to keep an open mind and try not to categorize Americans into stereotypes which promotes racism.
  5. Due to the natural tendency for humans to categorize, stereotyping has lead to strong prejudices and racism across America.
Posted in My Hypothesis, rosekyd | 1 Comment

White Paper- Johnwick66

Posted on February 24, 2021 by johnwick66

Hypothesis 1. Cancel cultures attempts to stop racism only further cement racial views in the people they target by crushing their futures in the name of social justice rather than try to educate them on the wrong doings of their actions , thus leaving behind in its wake a sea of destroyed lives with their racist thoughts now expanding rapidly since they are the only things left for them to cling to.

Hypothesis 2. Cancel cultures attempts to stop racism, while progressive in its results need heavy adjustments in their aftermaths, while these actions do allow for change to occur, the victimizers that are canceled need to be allowed to eventually reenter society with them being cancelled used as learning tool for them. By simply leaving them in the dust with nothing but their racist thoughts will lead to those thoughts expanding since they are the only things left for them to hold onto.

Hypothesis 3. Cancel cultures attempts to stop prejudice (racism, sexism, homophobia) only further cement those awful views in the people they target by crushing their futures in the name of social justice rather than try to educate them on the wrong doings of their actions , thus leaving behind in its wake a sea of destroyed lives with their radical thoughts now expanding rapidly since they are the only things left for them to cling to.

Note to self: make adjustment to hypothesis to include hate speech overall not just racism

Sources

Source 1: Brooks, David . 2019. “The Cruelty of Call-Out Culture.” New York Times, January 14. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/opinion/call-out-social-justice.html.

Background: The author of the article recalls a podcast that told the story of Emily, a member of a hard core punk band and how she basically disowned her bestfriend after an accusation was made about him. Only for her a few years later have the same scenario happen to her and she lost everything. Then how her accuser relishes in her pain and doesn’t care what happens to her next. The author then goes on to say how through these incidents society stops looking at these people like humans and more like the embodiments of good vs evil.

I find it counterintuitive how cancel culture is regarded as a way to push forth social justice and rights of the people, yet at the same time dehumanizes its victimizers. How just because of something we said(even if its messed up to say)automatically means that you should be stripped of everything you ever wanted/ had is, to say the least, quite extreme. Emily, the member of the hard-core punk band, was, through her own actions, made a unquie example from both sides of the fence. It was through her actions that her best friend(who at the time was accused of sending unwelcomed sexual photos) had his life basically ruined. He was forced to leave the punk scene, apparently lost his job, and has been living on hard times since. She did what she thought was right in regards to fighting for social justice. Yet the irony unfolds a mere few months later when Emily herself gets canceled for something she posted years ago. Then everything that she threw onto her ex friend now fell upon her. Even the dehumanization of her as a person, all because for a message she sent years ago.

Note to self: investigate the podcast behind the article: (NPR’s Invisibilia series ” The Callout”)

Source 2: “What is the cost of ‘cancel culture’?”. BBC News. 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2021-01-06

Background: The article first covers the actions of Mr.Paulinich, a social media activist that regularly posts videos of people saying predijuce things in an attempt to cancel them. His account is gaining followers as more people come together in support. Then the article goes on discussing what cancel culture is and the effects of it on not only people, but companies and brands alike(aunt Jemima, Uncle Bens, Land o Lakes). Then finishes the article by discussing how the targets need to be able to make amends for their actions.

I find it counterintuitive how when they discuss when the cancelations of different people/ products the people who cancel those them act as if what they did really brought change in terms from the person they cancel. Like when Goya was cancelled for their chief executive praising former President Trump, do you honestly think cancelling them will change that man views on Trump. Or like how when people get exposed and cancelled online for the things they said, even if what they did was wrong, is destroying their life the best way to go? Especially if after their messed up remarks are going to be the only thing they have left. The idea that the canceled can’t make amends for their mistakes doesn’t feel accepting but rather authoritative.

Source 3. Huffman, E. M. (2016). Call-out culture: How online shaming affects social media participation in young adults (Order No. 10120833). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1795577817). Retrieved from http://ezproxy.rowan.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdissertations-theses%2Fcall-out-culture-how-online-shaming-affects%2Fdocview%2F1795577817%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D13605

Link: Call-out culture: How online shaming affects social media participation in young adults – ProQuest (rowan.edu)

The text is about call out culture and how online shaming affects young adults and how the participate in social media. Social media is filled with lurkers. (People who use social media but don’t post on it) about 90% of social media users are lurkers. The paper then went into detail how shaming has been used by humans dating back to the creation of the bible. This document is around 61 pages long so I still have quite a bit to read through.

I find it counterintuitive how social media is made as a platform for people to find their voice, however only about 10% of it’s users actually post on these sites. The remaining 90% (also know as lurkers) specifically only follow the guideline of look don’t touch. It’s hypothesized that the reason most people follow this rule is due to how frequently people get publicly shamed on these platforms due to things they either say or post.

Source 4: Trottier, D. (2018). Coming to terms with shame: Exploring mediated visibility against transgressions. Surveillance & Society, 16(2), 170-182. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.rowan.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fcoming-terms-with-shame-exploring-mediated%2Fdocview%2F2138979618%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D13605

Link: Coming to Terms with Shame: Exploring Mediated Visibility against Transgressions – Criminal Justice Database – ProQuest (rowan.edu)

The text is a “report” on public shaming and its creation, use in todays society, what exactly it is and if we overstep our boundaries with it. It also covers and distinguishes the differences between social/public shaming and shaming in a parent/child relationship and how they aren’t similar and that through today’s social media the shaming of our “transgressors” is out of proportion to the actions committed.

I find it counterintuitive how people will take to social media publicly in order to shame others for their actions, but then at the same time dehumanize the person at question in order to feel justified in their treatment of the transgressors. Even most state governments believe these actions are an unnecessary overreach of public punishment and try to go out of their way to try to minimize shame and shaming’s.

Source 5: Aitchison, G., & Meckled-Garcia, S. (2021). Against Online Public Shaming: Ethical Problems with Mass Social Media. Social Theory & Practice, 47(1), 1–31. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.5840/soctheorpract20201117109

Link: Against Online Public Shaming: Ethical Problems with Mass Social Media: EBSCOhost (rowan.edu)

Based off what I’ve read so far, the article covers how the mass online gatherings of people who desire to ruin the life of someone that did or said something they didn’t agree with and how even though the people who said/did the thing may be wrong in what they did, that doesn’t make it justifiable in how their lives are basically ended by these crowds.( Still reading through it, its about 32 pages. So I’ll more as I continue to read through.)

I find it counterintuitive how people find it so necessary to destroy peoples lives for saying things that they don’t agree with and reducing them to simply unworthy characteristics and and personalities that are then stripped of certain human relationships. Only to then talk how we as people must be more kind and accepting to one another. How can you go from one state of mind to another so rapidly?

Source 6: Gypsy Crusader Origin Story (bitchute.com)

This is video from Paul Miller himself explaining as to why he turned into a radical white racist, and the events that led him to that turning point.

Source 7: GypsyCrusader – Wikipedia

A wiki source explaining Paul Miller , who he is and what he does. To be honest I’m using the Wiki as a source hub for several sources that the Wiki was made off of.

Source 8: Shaming Smokers Can Backfire — Journal Report – ABI/INFORM Collection – ProQuest (rowan.edu)

Not a soild point but something I want to keep in case, as it discusses the potential backfiring of shaming smokers. Might give a possible leave in terms of connecting to public shaming in general.

Source9: All of James Charles’s Allegations & Accusations, Explained (thecut.com)

Vujić, K. (2021, April 05). A guide to the many, many scandals of James Charles. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.thecut.com/article/james-charles-allegations-and-accusations-explained.html

An article listing several questionable infractions commitied by James Charles

Source 10 :(2) holding myself accountable – YouTube

Holding myself accountable. (2021, April 01). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsjwRp8_lWA

Apology video were he admits to talking to minors

Source 11: Are Hate Crime Hoaxers Above the Law? | SpringerLink

Reilly, W. Are Hate Crime Hoaxers Above the Law? . Acad. Quest. 32, 553–561 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12129-019-09829-x

Article discusses Smollett’s actions and this overarching idea that people who make up hate crimes can easily slip away from punishment.

Source 12:Backlash against human rights shaming: emotions in groups | International Theory | Cambridge Core

Snyder, J. (2020). Backlash against human rights shaming: Emotions in groups. International Theory, 12(1), 109-132. doi:10.1017/S1752971919000216

Discusses how human rights groups hurt their goals by shaming it’s opposition as it leads to a stronger defiance.

Short Arguments

Definition/classification Argument”

Cancel culture, possibly one of if not the biggest miss use of social media. Where people lives can be terminated in a matter of minutes. With the rise of social media, the world is more connected than ever, people from all over capable of communicating as if the other person is simply across the street. Along with this kind of tech comes a new profound power. The ability to cancel (a form of shaming) anyone for saying/doing something the public doesn’t agree with. With this kind of power the people could use it for good in order to help bring change. But instead we use it to burn normal people’s lives for nothing more than shits and giggles. Instead of bringing change like we could, we’d rather destroy the lives of relatively innocent people for what, social justice? Please tell me what does the destruction of people’s lives do that help make that person better in terms of prejudice? It doesn’t, if anything it makes it worse by now basically forcing those people to hug onto their bad remarks/actions since they’d be the only thing left for them.

Cause/effect

It’s this weird common idea that we make the world a better place by cancelling people who say and do awfully predejuce things. That by destroying their lives in terms of their job, friends, and family, we somehow benefit society. Honestly though it couldn’t be farther from the truth. Through these actions we only deepen the thoughts these people have in regards to race, sexism, homophobia, etc by giving them a scape goat in terms of why they are in that situation. especially since after these people are publicly shamed they are left behind, they aren’t allowed to have any kind of redemption for their actions. But rather its like they are locked into this scenario that they are these dehumanized pieces of garbage that no one cares for anymore. What do expect to happen to these people when they are stripped of everything except their remarks with no real chance to right their wrong? Simple, they embrace the only thing they are known for and make it apart of them. This can be seen with the man known gypsy crusader (look for documents on him in order to help my case)

Rebuttal

Not everyone who gets canceled loses everything. look at celebrities like Morgan Wallen, who are doing fine after their incident.

True, their are certain scenarios where people may recover and be fine following them being cancelled but these are one rare and two typically only happen for celebrities, political figures, and the rich. However the same cannot be said for the common folk, we don’t have money or power to make these kind of situations go away. If some random citizen were to get cancel tomorrow, they wouldn’t be able to protect themselves from the rather large backlash that would be bound to come for them.

Current status on my research:

I might be in a pickle but I’m not entirely sure yet. For the Causal I’m trying to tie in a real life example of a person who was cancelled and through it became worse. But the problem is that their isn’t an official document discussing that, but rather several online clips and small articles, am I allowed to use these for reference when explaining my example? Some of these clips and such came from either the news prior to his cancellation or directly from the man himself. Another thing is that I realized that there isn’t really a lot of reliable sources in regards to how to cancelling someone can make them more racist.(that’s why I’m using the actual example) but I have found documents about the fear of cancellation resulting in people avoiding online commentary, do you think that would work to help out with that?

Posted in johnwick66, White Paper | 11 Comments

White Paper- Thecommoncase

Posted on February 24, 2021 by thecommoncase

Working Hypothesis

The legalization of medical marijuana in the United States could stop the opioid crisis in its tracks by lowering the number of innocent people killed due to overdose by replacing prescription opioids in the pharmaceutical industry with medical cannabis altogether and using it to aid struggling addicts in a safe environment.

The legalization of medical marijuana in the United States could stop the opioid crisis in its tracks by lowering the number of innocent people killed due to overdose by gradually replacing prescription opioids with medical cannabis and using it as a harm reduction strategy for opioid dependents.

Purposeful Summaries

A Scoping Review of the Use of Cannabis and Its Extracts as Potential Harm Reduction Strategies: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Research

It may seem counterintuitive to give hospital patients an illegal substance, but marijuana has shown to be quite effective in helping people with physical ailments. Marijuana’s ability to stimulate appetite has been beneficial to patients struggling with cancer-related anorexia or AIDS. It has also shown efficacy in decreasing inflammation for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Doctors and researchers are pushing to make marijuana as a harm reduction strategy more common. For someone struggling with drug addiction, it is extremely difficult to stop cold turkey. By using marijuana as a harm reduction, an addict will receive medicinal marijuana to soothe the grueling process of substance withdrawal. This method has been used before with methadone as the harm reduction, and heroin. Methadone would decrease severe withdrawal symptoms in people with a heroin addiction.

Marijuana as a HRS has been used to treat patients who have an opioid dependency and neuropathic pain. In an experiment using animal models, marijuana positively intervened in opioid withdrawal and even relapse.

There have already been cases where medicinal marijuana as a HRS has been used on actual patients, as well. Depending on the state, and if a doctor prescribes it, medicinal cannabis can be distributed to patients in the United States. But unfortunately, since marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug, it is difficult for researchers to obtain access to the drug to test its capabilities as a harm reduction drug.

Source Cited

Siklos-Whillans, J., Bacchus, A. & Manwell, L.A. A Scoping Review of the Use of Cannabis and Its Extracts as Potential Harm Reduction Strategies: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Research. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1007/s11469-020-00244-w

A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. 

In order to help people who are addicted to drugs, substitution and harm reduction strategies are being used. With substitution, a patient is given an alternative drug that is less addictive than the one they are currently abusing. Substitution is a common method used in harm reduction strategies, since some addicts do not see full sobriety as a realistic goal.

For many years marijuana has been called a “gateway drug,” suggesting that it leads to other, more harmful substances like opioids, cocaine, and heroin. But the use of marijuana as a harm reduction strategy says otherwise. The substitution of a substance with cannabis has shown to be an effective way to wean addicts of their harmful drug. In a study conducted on Jaimaican women who were addicted to crack, marijuana was used to lessen the amount of crack smoked. The researchers found that cannabis was the most effective and accessible drug used as a substitution for crack smoking. In studies involving alcohol abusers, they claimed that it lessened the effects of cravings and withdrawal. Marijuana was able to relax the participants and help with restless sleep and pain relief.

Marijuana is becoming a popular drug to use as a substitute for various types of people who are dependent on drugs. Patients at a cannabis dispensary in California claimed to use marijuana as a substitute for drugs like prescription pills and alcohol.

Source Cited

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug & Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654–659.

Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems

The use of marijuana as a medical treatment is still new ground for the United States, and people are still wary of its popularity, since it is still considered to be a Schedule I type drug. The legalization of marijuana has caused an overall increase in marijuana use, and doctors would like to conduct more research on the potential medical uses of cannabis. 

At the moment, only two cannabinoid types are approved by the FDA. These treatments are used alongside chemotherapy for cancer patients dealing with nausea or to stimulate appetite. But high quality clinical trials have yielded positive results, and suggest that medical marijuana can help with more than just anorexia and nausea.

Next to using medical cannabis for cancer patients, the next most common use for medical marijuana is for chronic or neuropathic pain. Out of 12 trials, there were multiple positive results that encouraged the use of medical marijuana for chronic and neuropathic pain. In an article published by the American Academy of Neurology, a list of guidelines for medical marijuana use claimed that the most effective results are found when the cannabis is taken orally, like in a pill form.

But since cannabis is still not completely federally approved, it cannot be distributed through pharmacies, and is not readily available to those who need it. FDA approved medical cannabinoids can be prescribed, but are not available for things like chronic pain. With more research being conducted, more positive results are showing, which could change the current FDA standings on medical cannabis.

Source Cited

Hill KP. Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2474–2483. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6199

Mental health functioning and severity of cannabis withdrawal among medical cannabis users with chronic pain 

At a medical marijuana dispensary in Michigan, a study was conducted on people who use medical marijuana for chronic pain. A majority of the participants in the study use cannabis at least once a week, and claim that they do experience withdrawal symptoms.

In the study, more than seventy-five percent of the participants stated that they would have trouble sleeping, lose their appetite, or become anxious when they were not using medical cannabis. The severity of withdrawal symptoms correlates with how high functioning a person’s brain is, but continuous heavy cannabis use can deter the functions of the brain.

Although, since the participants were also dealing with chronic pain, that could also play a role in the severity of withdrawal symptoms. If a person’s chronic pain is intense, then it makes sense that patients would be taking larger amounts of cannabis. Marijuana withdrawal can lead to functional impairments, but does not have a large physical effect. Chronic pain causes both functional and physical impairments, making it difficult for a person to stop taking their cannabis medication.

Source Cited

Brian E. Perron, Katlyn R. Holt, Emily Yeagley, Mark Ilgen, Mental health functioning and severity of cannabis withdrawal among medical cannabis users with chronic pain,  Available online 6 November 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.029. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618307786

Topic for Definition Argument: “Harm Reduction”

Topic for Causal Argument: Cessation of drug use causes withdrawal.

Topic for Rebuttal Argument: The use of drugs as treatment against another drug will just make that person addicted to a different drug.

Current State of Research Paper

At the moment, I can say that I am feeling more level-headed about this paper the more I work on it. Once the professor told me about harm reduction, it made me feel as though I could actually make this paper make sense. But I am still feeling a bit anxious about putting all of my information together. Getting rid of opioids altogether does not seem achievable in the slightest, so I will have to change my hypothesis once again. But overall, the research I am finding makes me confident that at least half of my idea is not completely ridiculous.

Posted in thecommoncase, White Paper | 3 Comments

White Paper—Christianity19

Posted on February 23, 2021 by christianity19
  1. Young, L., Motz, V., Markey, E., Young, S., & Beaschler, R. (2017). Recommendations for Best Disinfectant Practices to Reduce the Spread of Infection via Wrestling Mats. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(2), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.02
https://web-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=377c6b93-2681-40af-9e11-903362be0607%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=121634290&db=s3h

Bibliography-

  • Young, L., Motz, V., Markey, E., Young, S., & Beasc
  • 2017
  • Recommendations for Best Disinfectant Practices to Reduce the Spread of Infection via Wrestling Mats
  • Journal of Athletic Training

This article is recommendations for the best ways to prevent wrestling infections on the mat. Also, it’s about they need to check and examine the wrestlers before they start a wrestling dual or a wrestling tournament with the school or wrestling club practice. Even preventing skin diseases in wrestling will radically reduce other wrestlers from getting skin diseases.

2. Anderson, B. (2012). Effectiveness of Body Wipes as an Adjunct to Reducing Skin Infections in High School Wrestlers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(5), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182592439

Bibliography-

  • Anderson, B.
  • Effectiveness of Body Wipes as an Adjunct to Reducing Skin Infections in High School Wrestlers
  • Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
  • 2012

https://oce-ovid-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/article/00042752-201209000-00009/HTML

This article is about how effective body wipes can be to high school wrestlers to reduce skin infections before wrestling and after wrestling. Most wrestling diseases are from leg to leg contact or arm to arm contact and body wipes can help solve this problem. Also, it’s about a test they did with multiple wrestlers and how baby wipes helped them prevent skin disease.

3. Mallmann, W. L. (1924). HYGIENE OF WRESTLING MATS. American Journal of Public Health, 14(7), 569-570.

Bibliography-

  • Mallmann, W. L
  • 1924
  • HYGIENE OF WRESTLING MATS
  • American Journal of Public Health

https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.14.7.569

This article is how to make sure the wrestling mats are taken care for so that you can prevent skin diseases while wrestling. Also, this article is that you need to maintain the mats like for example you need to wash it down after every single wrestling practice or wrestling match because you may not know what skin conditions people may have. Getting the mat cleaned after wrestling matches and practice will reduce the ability to get skin diseases.

4. Silverman, R. A. (2000). Office-based treatment of pediatric skin disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 47(4), 859-865.

Biblography-

  • Silverman, R. A.
  • 2000
  • Office-based treatment of pediatric skin disease
  • Pediatric Clinics of North America

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031395505702443

This article is how to treat pediatric skin disease from wrestling practice or from wrestling matches. Also, the article is that skin diseases are treatable from wrestling you just need to go and see you dermatologist to get medicine for the skin disease. Even the skin disease is way into the tissue of your skin so its hard to get treated especially if you’ve been wrestling like every single day.

5. Skin Conditions in Wrestlers. (2011). In Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine.

Bibliography-

  • Skin Conditions in Wrestlers
  • 2011
  • Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine

This article is about different skin infections you may have from wrestling every single day. Also, this article talks about the different skin diseases and the side effects of having these types of skin diseases from wrestling. Even its about how to stay safe from these different types of skin diseases that you may come across on day when wrestling. Lastly, not every single wrestler will get skin diseases from wrestling; but you just need to learn to take care of your skin and take a shower after wrestling.

6. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Associated with High School Wrestling Tournaments — Florida, December 2020–January 2021

Atherstone, C., Siegel, M., Schmitt-Matzen, E., Sjoblom, S., Jackson, J., Blackmore, C., & Neatherlin, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with high school wrestling tournaments—Florida, December 2020–January 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(4), 141

  • SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with high school wrestling tournaments
  • December 2020–January 2021
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(4), 141

7. Belongia, E. A., Goodman, J. L., Holland, E. J., Andres, C. W., Homann, S. R., Mahanti, R. L., … & Osterholm, M. T. (1991). An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high-school wrestling camp. New England Journal of Medicine, 325(13), 906-910

  • Belongia, E. A., Goodman, J. L., Holland, E. J., Andres, C. W., Homann, S. R., Mahanti, R. L., … & Osterholm, M. T.
  • An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high-school wrestling camp
  • 1991
  • New England Journal of Medicine, 325(13), 906-910

8. Watson, A., Haraldsdottir, K., Biese, K., Goodavish, L., Stevens, B., & McGuine, T. (2021). The Association of COVID-19 Incidence with Sport and Face Mask Use in United States High School Athletes. medRxiv

  • Watson, A., Haraldsdottir, K., Biese, K., Goodavish, L., Stevens, B., & McGuine, T
  • 2021
  • The Association of COVID-19 Incidence with Sport and Face Mask Use in United States High School Athletes
  • medRxiv

9. Veliz, P., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2017). Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and heroin use among adolescents involved in competitive sports. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), 346-349.

  • Veliz, P., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E.
  • 2017
  • Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and heroin use among adolescents involved in competitive sports
  • Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), 346-349.

10. Hughes, D., Saw, R., Perera, N. K. P., Mooney, M., Wallett, A., Cooke, J., … & Broderick, C. (2020). The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.

  • Hughes, D., Saw, R., Perera, N. K. P., Mooney, M., Wallett, A., Cooke, J., … & Broderick, C.
  • 2020
  • The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment
  • Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Posted in christianity, White Paper | 1 Comment

White Paper—Icedcoffeeislife

Posted on February 23, 2021 by icedcoffeeislife

Hypothesis:

  • By examining research about mental health and its effect on student-athletes, looking at the specific cases of student athletics, it is illustrated that swimmers are more likely to experience anxiety and depression throughout their athletic and academic careers. 

Topics for smaller papers:

  • Explore ways to deal with the anxiety from overtraining
  • The effects of swimming and academics on an athlete’s mentality
  • Explain how different types of stress reliever methods help athletes perform in training and the classroom. 

10 sources, purposeful summaries, link, and Bibliographic info:

  • Source:
    • J.S. Raglin, W.P. Morgan, P.J. Conner
    • Behavioral Sciences
    • Changes in the Mood States during Training in Female and Male College Swimmers
    • 1991
  • Link:
  • Summary:

This study tested the changes in moods during physical training for collegiate swimmers, both across genders and gengender-specificlthough moderate exercise has supported mental health benefits, the same is not true for higher intensity training, such as that often practiced by swimmers and track athletes. Additionally, it is unknown the effects of this training on other mood states such as anger, vigor, and fatigue. Raglan’s purpose in this experiment is to determine how when training is reduced, what happens with mood disturbances.

Varsity swimmers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s men’s and women’s teams all completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS), every 3 to 4 weeks throughout the training season. The men’s and women’s teams both completed similar workouts to keep constant the data POMS’ collected. For the beginning of the season, the teams started swimming around 3,000 meters a day and increased to a peak of 13,000 meters a day, and then back again to 3,500 meters a day towards the end of the season. After analysis, it was found that “total mood, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion changed following the training schedule for each of the seasons,” (pg. 2). For both females and males, as distance increased so did mood disturbance, however, the “magnitude of the change differed among the mood factors,” (pg. 3). The only factor to not show change across the season was tension, as it remained constant throughout, and more elevated for females than males. Therefore, the results of this study concluded the following. During physical training during the season, swimmers of all genders experience similar mood state changes, and the data support a correlation between these changes and the training volume, or distance swam for this sport. Lastly, tension is higher in females both before and during, and throughout exercise and is the only mood that remains the same no matter the magnitude of distance covered.

  • Summary:

This study tested different combinations of training exercises in three different groups to determine the effects on anxiety and depression after an 8-week conditioning program. Typical for college students, school-related stress and lack of sleep are both leading lifestyle attributes that can lead to anxiety and depression. In turn, this may lead to drug abuse and skipping classes. However, despite readily accessible help on campus, “Substantial proportions of mentally ill students do not obtain treatment,” because of potentially having to face difficult personal problems (paragraph 3). Cai argues that by implementing relaxation exercises, such as yoga, tai chi chuan, and guided imagery, into physical education, there will be immense mental benefits. Tai Chi Chuan “is a physical and mental exercise characterized by slow, gentle and graceful movements that come from a continuous flow from one’s mind,” (paragraph 9). Therefore, Cai’s experiment’s purpose is to test the effects of mindfulness exercises on anxiety and depression relief.

71 college students were divided into four classes, two of which implementing guided imagery and integration respectively in conjunction with self-defense, and the third and fourthsolely with self-defense. During the last 15 minutes of the classes of the first two classes, students practiced their mindfulness exercises, while the other two continued their physical activity. The results of the study after 8 weeks indicated that the imagery and tai chi chuan groups had lower anxiety scores than the control groups, supporting his idea that these practices ease mental illness. However, after just one week there were no real benefits. Therefore, these valuable practices should not be ignored as practical ways to tackle college mental illness through physical education classes.

  • Source:
    • Rosalyn Stoa, Jana Fogaça, and Logan Johnsen
    • Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics
    • Feel the Pressure: Stress and Intrinsic Motivation in Collegiate Swimmers
    • 2020
  • Summary:

The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between stress and motivation in college-level swim athletes. As a college athlete, motivation is a driving factor in wanting to compete at such a high level. However, as the stakes increase this motivation has the potential to turn into pressure and stress. Academic stress is an additional factor that student-athletes must handle on top of their athletic lives. Although some argue that athletes are better equipped to deal with the mental struggles of stress, others disagree, as they may not want to use the resources that they have. Before the experiment, the following were hypothesized. First, changes in internal motivation can predict the same stress throughout the season. Second, Stress will peak just before winter break, and third, the relationship with the coach is a factor in motivation and stress during the peak of the swimming season.

163 people initially enrolled in the study, but only 108 of those were able to be included in the analysis as they completed the necessary data collection tests. The tests were administered five times, and each contained a section with demographic material, a motivation scale, and a stress scale. After the season concluded, the analysis did not support that motivation could predict stress levels, which was the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was somewhat supported as “intrinsic motivation changed over the season in a quadratic manner, hitting its lowest point where stress was also at its highest,” (284). Although this study did not support the hypotheses, it does lend itself to the importance of continuing to use psychology and different techniques to help athletes and “prevent burnout and increase motivation when needean and often overlooked topic among sports (286).

  • Source:
    • Herbert Simons, Derek Van Rheenen, and Martin Covington,
    • Journal of College Students Development
    • Academic Motivation and the Student-Athlete
    • April 1999
  • Link:
  • Summary:

It seems with student-athletes have to find a balance between their academic studies and training schedule. These can add extra pressure for athletes to find the perfect balance for their work. According to Herbert Simons, Derek Van Rheenen, and Martin Covington, in their article called “ Academic Motivation and the Student-Athletes”, they talked about how stress from training and school can affect a student’s motivation to do their work. They conducted a study to see how student-athletes deal with the pressure of their school work and training, and if there are any methods that they can do to improve there in academics and their training.  This study was done over the school year from 1993 to 1994, student-athletes at Univeristy  of California, Berkeley were used to completing the study. They were given a survey to fill out at teammeetings that were based on their attire towards academics and athletics. At the end of the study, it was found that student-athletes that are success-orientated are more likely to die better academics than student-athletes that focus more on their athletics than their academics.

It seems that the added pressure of being a college athlete can lead to anxiety or depression in an athlete. This added pressure it can lead to bad performance in training or a competition, while also hurting an athlete’s academic studies. According to Stephen J. Page, a sports psychologist who did a study on the “Effects of Imagery on Female College Swimmers’ Perceptions of Anxiety”. With this study,, he was able to form an understanding of how to help deal with anxiety. In Swimming it is an individual sport that will lead to a higher chance of preconceptions anxiety, whereas with team sports that anxiety of computing is not as high. This is due to the idea that you are coming as a team, where swimming is realized off of the success that you have in the pool. Stephen J. Page did a study of imagery that would help athletes deal with their anxiety, it was a year-long study, where athletes took a baseline test on their anxiety when it comes to their sport, then after using imagery for over the year, they took another test to see if there anxiety decrease or stayed the same. The result of the study showed that athletesanxiety decreased but there was no way that this anxiety would be taken away once the study was complete. 

  • Source:
    • Hongmei Li, Jennifer J. Moreland, Corinne Peek-Asa, and Jingzhen Yang
    • The American Journal of Sport medicine
    • Preseason Anxiety and Depression Symptoms and prospective Injury Risk in Collegiate athletes. 
    • 2017
  • Link: 
  • Summary:
    • Looking at the study done on preseason anxiety and depression, look at how this  will affect if an athlete will experience an injury during the season. This research helps to add more information on how anxiety can affect an athlete. The study was conducted on 5 different NCAA sports, one of them benign swimming. The study lasts throughout when the battles will be in season. At preseason there were about 276 athletes that suffered from anxiety symptoms and 208 reported symptoms of depression. This is out of the 958 athletes involved with the study. After the study athletes that were suffering from anxiety were at a higher risk of injury, than athletes that suffered from depression. There Is a chance that athletes will suffer from anxiety or depression that does not get injured this season, but there’s still a chance that they will injure themself. The study proves how it happens adn the best way to keep athletes from getting injured. With the help of this study, it has helped to give another look at how anxiety and depression can affect how an athlete performs and acts in their sport. 
  • Source:
    • Graham Jones and Sheldon Hanton
    • Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 
    • Interpretation of competitive Anxiety symptoms and goal Attainment Expectancies
    • 1996
  • Link: 
  • Summary:
    • The point of this study was to look at how creating goals will affect an athlete’s anxiety. Competitive Anxiety is a certain type of anxiety that usually only comes up when an athlete is at a meet or competition. Where They get nervous or start to overthink their performance or races they are about to do. In the study focus on the different connection between the stressor in an athlete and their goals. With finding the problems that cause athletes nto to reach their goals, it can be beneficial to finding a way to stop this from happening in everyone. The study took 91 swimmers that participated, were asked before each competition what they wanted their goals to be. With the information that was proved that there is a connection between anxiety and goals. Coaches can take this information into consideration when they are creating goals with their swimmers.
  • Source:
    • Sheldon Hanton and Declan Connaughton
    • Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
    • Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance
    • 2002
  • Link:
  • Summary:
    • The purpose of this study was to show the effects that anxiety has on a swimmer’s self-confidence. Looking at text relationships that a swimmer has with their self-confidence is extremely important to look at. Having a high anxiety level will lead to having lower self-confidence when it comes to their sport. The study was conducted by Sheldon Hanton and Declan Connaughton, who are both sport and exercise psychologists at Cardiff Metropolitan University. Looking at the effect of a swimmer’s self-confidence is connected to anxiety is through cognitive and somatic information. Taking cognitive and somatic information can help us gain a better understanding of how to help athletes with controlling their anxiety and helping to build up their self-confidence. This should be noted that the increase or decrease in a swimmer’s self-confidence can be perceived as either improving or lowering performances. 
  • Summary:
    • This study was done to look at the change of emotion that a swimmer goes through leading up to their championship meet. With focusing on swimmers heading into the French national championship. The swimmers were looked at over the courses of 4 months leading up to their races. Over the 4 months, swimmer’s emotions are put onto an emotional rollercoaster where they are going from highs to lower very quickly just from either having good or bad practices. The importance of recovery after a race is extremely important, if a swimmer is not given a little cut back in their training or given time to recover after training, this can lead to them either benign overwhelm or burnout. This is common among swimmers that are big overtrained or need to take a step back. Overall, the study provides insight into the key role that stress and recovery play in the emotional state of a swimmer. 
  • Source:
    • Sarah Jean Hatteberg
    • Indiana University
    • Institutional stress and compromised social support in collegiate athletics: The student-athlete experience
    • 2015
  • Link: 
  • Summary:
  • The focus point of this is to look at how the effects of anxiety have on a swimmer and the support system that they have in places. An important part of the article is to look at the relationship between coaches and athletes that are in college. When an athlete comes to a coach about their anxiety or depression, the coach is going to help them out, but at the same time, the coach wants to do what best for the team. By saying that a coach may not play a player if they know that the title is suffering from anxiety or depression. Sarah Hatteberg takes into account personal accounts on how athletes have created a support system and how it has affected them as a person. For example, she looks at an athlete’s relationship with a coach and how they can lead to anxiety from them. Hatteberg also goes into detail about what some of the stress is that can lead an athlete to have anxiety. Form the amount of work that is put on them from their sport or school can lead them to burn out. There’s also a pressure to perform in athletes because that is why they were chosen to come to that school, with not performing can cause a lot of stress on an athlete. Overall, the point of this article is to show how battles are affected and where they need support from others. 

The Current States of Research:

  • At this state my research is basiclly compelte. I have found sourcces that can help me build up my arguments. Having a wide variety on how anxiety effects  a swimmer and hwo it is formed is goign to help me a lot. I’m feeling preety comnfidecnt that all my essay are going to have a good amount of information and facts to support my hypothesis. The outcome of these papers are going to get people to stop ignoring the signs of anxiety in swimmers.

Posted in icedcoffeeislife, White Paper | 7 Comments

White Paper—person345

Posted on February 23, 2021 by person345

Hypothesis

Travel Restrictions due to the Coronavirus Pandemic contribute to the negative effects that inflict the human mind because of people’s inability to enjoy themselves.

Sources

Ozdemir, M. (2020). (PDF) the novel Coronavirus Covid-19 crisis on Incoming … Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346937451_The_Novel_Coronavirus_Covid-19_Crisis_on_Incoming_Travel_Agencies_Current_Situation_and_Post-pandemic_Scenarios

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastic effects on travel. In March of 2020 alone, 90% of the population faced lock downs from the stay-at-home orders and travel bans that were being issued. Also, international flights in 2020 are estimated to fall by 20% to 30% because of the pandemic. A study was conducted on the impacts of the Chinese tourism Industry which stated that foreigners that anticipating on traveling to China cancelled their reservations. Airlines also stopped most international flights to stop the spread of the virus. Many countries are also in the same situation as China. Their tourism industries are failing because people are not able to fly internationally. As a result, flying and tourism in general are collapsing.

JM;, T. (2020). Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of covid-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32969707/

It seems that the Coronavirus Pandemic is causing people such as employees to have anxiety about contracting the virus. COVID-19 Health Anxiety or otherwise known as CovH is this fear of contracting COVID-19. A study conducted about CovH yields results about the effects of staying quarantined and isolated. When someone has anxiety, it triggers what is known as the fight or flight response in which the brain can either face the cause of anxiety head on, or it can stimulate a flight response. This makes someone feel that they cannot escape the situation that they are in. In this instance, it is the Coronavirus. The fear of contracting COVID-19 is triggering a flight response due to the uncertainties of how long the virus will last. Emotion Suppression is a way that people can cope with the anxiety. This makes a seemingly never-ending situation more manageable.

Seppo, E. (1983). Towards a social psychology of recreational travel. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248996852_Towards_a_social_psychology_of_recreational_travel

Any form of travel or a vacation has effects on the human mind. People see traveling as a reward and or an escape from their daily living routines. Going on a vacation is an Intrinsic Activity meaning that it is motivated by internal feelings and satisfaction.

Chen, C. (2013). Health and wellness benefits of travel experiences a literature Review. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258161384_Health_and_Wellness_Benefits_of_Travel_Experiences_A_Literature_Review

Traveling has many health and wellness benefits. When someone goes on a vacation for pleasure, they are satisfied because it gives people a chance to escape the stresses of their lives. Going on a vacation can also improve mental health and a chance at a better lifestyle because of the time to yourself. A study conducted proves this. When someone goes on a vacation, they go through four stages of satisfaction: The Anticipation Stage (Before Vacation), Experience Stage (During Vacation), The Beneficial Stage (During and After Vacation), and the Fade Out Stage. When a person is anticipating a getaway, their satisfaction starts to improve because of the excitement. In the Beneficial Stage, one’s satisfaction is at its highest point because that is the point where they are most happy. Following this, satisfaction starts to go down at the Fade Out Stage because their happiness derived from their vacation is starting to decrease. Therefore, going on vacations for just a few days improves one’s lifestyle.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce … Retrieved February 24, 2021, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30460-8/fulltext

Since the Coronavirus outbreak started in December 2019, there has been evidence showing that it can have negative psychological effects on people. These included signs of PTSD and confusion all coming from boredom, uncertainty, and financial loss. Studies have been conducted to prove this. One study showed that hospital staff had signs of acute stress after nine days of quarantine. Also, the hospital staff reported signs of loneliness, anxiety, insomnia, and irritability following their time in quarantine. This proves that being socially separated is dangerous to the human mind as it can bring upon signs of mental disorders. Us, as humans are heavily reliant on social activity to thrive. With our social lives taken away from us, it is evident that being quarantined is unhealthy for the human mind.

Current State of Research Paper

My research has led me to some interesting sources about benefits of vacation, consequences of travel restrictions because of etc. However, when I was conducting my research, I was having trouble finding relevant sources that I can use in my paper. When Professor Hodges gave me key words that I can search in Google Scholar, that helped in finding more sources. Now, I am pretty confident about proving my hypothesis.

Posted in person345, White Paper | 11 Comments

White Paper—Justheretopass

Posted on February 23, 2021 by justheretopass

Becker, S. P., & Gregory, A. M. (2020). Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(7), 757-759. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13278

Covid-19 could have negative impacts on children and adolescents in the sleep aspect. Due to covid-19 more children have been forced to isolate and stay to themselves to not catch this deadly virus. Doing that though could lead to growth in weight and that can have a negative effect on your health and sleep as time goes on. The stress of all this with family situations can also have a negative effect on children and adolescents in the sleep aspects. Since most people are inside regularly that can make for an inconsistent sleep schedule and wake up time, making daytime naps more regular and longer. Remote learning also increases the time spent in their beds or bedrooms making it easier for them to fall asleep or not pay attention. Remote learning also comprises the in person interactions that children and adolescents need as they are developing in this world. With the added time being on technology the children and adolescents are exposed to “blue light” which disrupts melatonin which is basically your body’s cue that you’re tired and it’s time to sleep. Meaning that the children and adolescents miss value time to sleep and let their bodies rest. 

Horita, R., Nishio, A., & Yamamoto, M. (2020, November 07). The effect of remote learning on the mental health of first year university students in Japan. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178120332224

This article talks about the effects of Covid-19 first year Japanese students’ mental health by comparing the surveys with the previous year. The studies have shown that the depression levels were lower with the first year students as compared to the previous students. The studies did show that the first year students experienced high academic distress since they had to adapt to an unfamiliar e-learning environment. The university measured depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, eating concerns, hostility, family distress, academic distress and substance use. Studies showed that 2020 students feel unconnected with the outside world due to the fact that they had to stay home for months and work from home and couldn’t leave.

Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M., & Davi, N. K. (2020, September 30). The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239696

This article was trying to see how Covid-19 has impacted college students from Northern Jersey. They ran tests to assess the increased levels of mental health such as depression, anxiety and stress. They collected surveys on knowledge levels, behavior changes, academic and everyday struggles and measured their mental health. The results showed that students had a good understanding of Covid-19 and what they should be doing to try and keep themselves safe. The studies also showed that there was a high level of depression associated with the difficulties of being able to focus on school work and maintaining a job and steady income. There were also high levels of somatization which is when psychological concerns are converted into physical symptoms. The results also showed that those with a high level of stress were prodomenity females unable to focus on academic work. Covid-19 has taken a huge toll on college students having to be able to study and learn challenging topics and staying calm and safe from the virus is having a negative impact on all students especially their mental state. 

Rotas, E., & Cahapay, M. (2020, December 1). Difficulties in Remote Learning: Voices of Philippine University Students in the Wake of COVID-19 Crisis. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from http://www.asianjde.org/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/504

This article talks about the difficulties of remote learning and how it was challenging for the students. They talked about how they sometimes have unstable internet connection, uncertain learning contents, overload lessons in activities, unable to talk to your peers and have the adequate one on one time with your professor about a topic. On a global scale UNICEF reported that more than 1.5 billion learners of all ages are affected because of the closure of schools and universities. 32% and 22% out of 3,670 Filipino medical students surveyed have difficulty adjusting to a new learning style. 

Waters, L., Algoe, S., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B., Heaphy, E., . . . Steger, M. (2021, February 09). Positive psychology in a pandemic: Buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945

This article talks about nine topics in positive psychology that support people: meaning, coping, self-compassion, courage, gratitude, character strengths, positive emotion, positive interpersonal processes and high quality connections. Researchers Rusk and Waters found that suffering was a common feature in positive psychology because individuals recover and rebuild from adversity (mental toughness, resilience, compassion). An example was after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the USA instead of growing apart everyone became resilient and worked together. When Covid-19 hit an increase of anxiety and depression came about and happiness and life satisfaction was still present. Some positive reactions increased, people were able to focus on their family, feeling blessed for what they have and to be alive. There are three types of interactions: buffering, bolstering and building. The buffering is when positive emotions, and/or relationships serve to diminish or starve off psychological ill health during a crisis. Bolstering effect of positive psychology is when positive emotion, and/or relationships act to maintain mental health despite being in a crisis. The building effect emerges when the individual is able to use the crisis in a transformative way to develop new practices and new outlooks that can lead to improvement on the person’s mental health in the future. During the SARS outbreak it was shown that people were taking great care of their family members, giving friends more support and a spiritual growth and higher level of appreciation for life. Meaning plays an important role in coping with stress and trauma including greater use of effective coping strategies such as avoiding emotional suppression. Despite spikes in stress, anxiety and depression for frontline healthcare workers there was 61% of them that found increased meaning and purpose for their life. Coping can be boasted by a positive psychological intervention. Moskowitz conducted an experiment with people diagnosed with HIV, metastatic breast cancer and dementia caregiving. Wanted to demonstrate positive effects and meaning and purpose. Self compassion involves treating yourself with the same kindness and care you would show a good friend. Self compassion buffers the negative effects of suffering, meaning people who are compassionate towards themselves are less likely to be anxious and depressed. Courage or to take a risk toward your goal. You never know when things could be taken away from you. Gratitude the affirmation and recognition of benefits received. Gratitude lowers stress levels and increases positive emotions, life satisfaction and resilience. Character strengths may bolster mental health by helping one identify and use their best qualities and strengths in new ways. May also help a person see adversity in a positive and not always a negative way. Positive emotions include joy, hope, pride. High quality connections can help people remove distractions from their life and just focus on the interaction they are having. Positive interpersonal processes is also a positive psychology trait but not pertaining to my topic.  

Iwai, Yoshiko. “Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Scientific American Blog Network, Scientific American, 13 Mar. 2020, blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/online-learning-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/. 

The article opens up about how the author woke up late for class and even though she was late to her class she turned off her video, became distracted with her outside surrounding like texting on her computer, making coffee and running to the bathroom. The author said she knew this wasn’t a unique experience and wondered how many other people would be going through it. She finds herself obsessing over her family in Japan especially her mother whose lung cancer puts her at a high risk. She then talks about how some professors weren’t able to navigate zoom or had technical difficulties resulting in the cancelation of class. Some classes are easier to teach like biochemistry as compared to a dance class. She then talks about the difficulties of being able to participate in the zoom class. Being on mute doesn’t allow you for a quick response and raising your hands may be unnoticed.

Tucker, Kristine. “Synonym.” Classroom.synonym.com, 2017, classroom.synonym.com/. 

This article talks about how online class and taking a class on campus is similar and differ. They opened up talking about textbooks and how both types of students have the same textbook the only difference is if the teacher in using hands on resources inn the classroom that an online students wouldn’t have. Both learning types depend on the teacher instructions, but online school is hard because some teachers will have their lectures prerecorded which will make it hard for students to ask questions if they are confused rather than if the students in person they would be able to stop the teacher at any time they were confused and ask questions. Both types of learning will have formal assessments and quizzes but online students have the option of using the internet and outside resources to help them in what ever they are doing. In person students don’t have that luxury due to the teacher being in the room looking around for students who are cheating.

Posted in justheretopass, White Paper | 4 Comments

White Paper—carsonwentz1186

Posted on February 23, 2021 by Chris McGee

Salary Cap Management

https://www.hogshaven.com/2019/1/15/18183366/reprint-playing-gm-a-primer-on-salary-cap-management

Managing salary caps is one of the most difficult things to do in the world of sports. The salary cap is designed in a way to make sure teams continue to spend money while not overpaying and sending their franchises into bankruptcy by placing a limit on how much teams can spend. Many people in the public like to believe that managing the millions of dollars franchises pull in, being able to pay players should be no problem, but that is a common misconception.

When trying to figure out whether or not spending money a player is worth it or not, that is one of the hardest things to do. This tends to be difficult because you are trying to project whether an investment will be worth it years down and the line and if its worth it to put on your payroll and cost you in the salary cap area. The general concept used to manage salary cap is accrual accounting.

Accrual accounting is an accounting method that records revenues and expenses when they are incurred whether or not cash is exchanged or not. Signing bonuses create the most problems when dealing with the salary cap. For example, if a player signs a 3 year deal with a $9 million signing bonus, the bonus will be split into 3 years and charged to the salary cap that way.

The NFL happens to be completely different however. Every player selected in the first round receives a fully guaranteed contract. What this means is no matter what happens whether it be injury or very early retirement, the player will get the full value of the contract. This is different from every other league as most player contracts in the athletic world tend to protect the team from the presented issues above, however the NFL player contracts do not allow the teams to do this and the players will always receive the money they signed on the contract.

All in all, NFL contracts are both simple and complex. The importance of understanding the concept of a salary cap in any league cannot be understated or teams would run into lots of trouble financially if they do not adhere to the policies instituted by the league.

Ben and Jerry’s strategy for salary management

https://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-bz.ex.payequity15may15-story.html

It is a common belief that being a chief executive entitles you to receiving great individual pay. In many cases this is true and critics have argued the setting of CEO pay creates rifts among the workers who work under the CEO. Inflation is big issue in the US when it comes to worker salaries. According to a survey from Pearl Meyer & Partners, the average chief executive earned $10 million in total compensation which was a 13 percent increase over 2003. The average American worker earned about $27,485 in 2004 which was just 2.2 percent higher than the year before.

Many experts have argued that CEOs bring much more to the table other than their skills. They are a part of a ‘privileged class’ that other everyday workers are not because they are the “star and face of the company”. Chuck Pappalardo, the managing director of the firm Trilogy Venture, states “Not everyone is capable of running a truly global company. Companies pay them for giving over their entire lives to the company. They make a lot of money, but you have to compare what it takes to do it.”

Experts say that part of the problem pertaining to executive compensation packages is how they are determined. Every company has a compensation committee, which is composed of peer executives from other corporations. The reason why this is seen as a counterintuitive issue is these other executives have an incentive to see a compensation increase because it would result in their own salaries being increased.

Bill Strahan, a senior consultant of Philadelphia-based Mercer Human Resources Consulting, believes “Executives are not the the enemy. Finding people who are both willing and capable to do what it takes is difficulty.” It is also believed that the talent pool for jobs has grown in recent years in an attempt to include more managers with the skills to run companies. A likely reason for this would be if there were more supply and less demand for people with the executive skillset, there would be a decrease in compensation.

Ben and Jerry’s had a rule during the early 80s that no employee could make more than 5 times what the lowest paid worker was paid. This plan resulted in CEO pay being capped at $81,000. It is believed that the nature and risks CEOs have to manage, this results in the disproportional impact on the business and community and is a justifiable reason for this lob-sided pay.

Taking less money and its effect in sports

https://www.businessinsider.com/tom-brady-contract-discounts-patriots-bargain-2018-7

For years, former New England Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady, took less money when it came to contract negotiations to help the team stay competitive around the league. Money has always been a big problem in the NFL when it came to roster construction because it cost lots of money to pay every player on the roster. The method used by Brady resulted in one of the most historic dynasties in all of American sports.

The best and highest paid players in the NFL rarely see the end of a contract. When it came to Brady and the Patriots, they frequently adjusted his deals to lower his base salary and used the extra money created by the use of this method to address other roster needs while Brady just received more money up front. When projecting out the money that Tom Brady could have made throughout his career, he could have been one of the richest men in sports at a very early point in his career due to the many accolades he received in his early years.

If Brady received a new contract every 4 years starting in 2005, using the biggest QB contracts from that season, it would have cost the Patriots in the range of $400 million which would have seriously prohibited any serious roster rebuilding via the draft and free agency. Using the contract of Matthew Stafford in 2017, Brady at that point in his career being 40, he gave up close to $80 million in an effort to aid his team in their cap management and roster construction.

Effect of good cap management in sports

https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1956430-the-art-of-navigating-the-nfl-salary-cap

The Seattle Seahawks of 2013 were one of the most dominant teams in NFL history. Many people associate this success with the great players and their performance on the field. While it has a great deal to do with that, it is really a triumph of cap management. The star Quarterback and Cornerback of that team were both playing under rookie contracts that did not pay much money to them individually, which resulted in the team having lots of cap flexibility allowing them to sign and keep more key players to the team such as the two best free agents in the league that season and their big play receiver to a big contract.

The NFL’s salary cap has been finely tuned over the last few decade to maximize competitive balance among teams instead of allowing certain teams to run roughshod over the rest of the league. The chart shown depicts teams as red dots determining whether they were getting enough bank for their buck and not surprisingly, the top two teams in the league in terms of player production under their salary caps were the two best teams in the league and played in the Super Bowl that season. The best way to beat the cap is player evaluation and drafting, however another possible method is through intelligent accounting.

The 2013 Detroit Lions were one of the most weighed down teams as a result of several massive contracts they had to pay out. In order to find a solution to this problem, they used very smart accounting strategies. The best methods to use with the accounting strategy are prorated bonuses, restructuring, incentives, and cap carryover. Roster bonuses are given up front so they are not charged directly to the cap, restructuring is used to spread money out if needed for cap relief, incentives are almost like little challenges players can meet in order to earn extra money, and carryover is simply using the leftover money from the season before to combine with the cap for the following season. The use of these methods allow for cap flexibility and are used by teams to help keep them competitive with the better player evaluation teams in the league.

Quarterback Contracts and effects on long term salary cap

https://www.si.com/nfl/chiefs/gm-report/do-massive-quarterback-contracts-limit-teams-in-the-long-run

Quarterbacks are one of the most important positions in all of sports, if not the most important. As a result of their importance, their salaries have undergone serious inflation over the past 2 decades. Regardless of their importance to their teams, there has been a common point made that these utterly massive contracts being doled out to Quarterbacks have a serious effect on their team and their ability to keep a good roster around them.

Kansas City Chiefs Quarterback Patrick Mahomes is the most recent absurd contract signed by Quarterback in the NFL. The Chiefs over the years were able to develop their roster using bridge QBs such as Alex Smith who was a placeholder until the Chiefs found their guy in Mahomes. The result of this roster building was a record shattering team in terms of offensive production with the abundance of talent they had accrued over the years of rebuilding. While Mahomes was on his rookie deal and the talent around him being tied down, the Chiefs were able to hoist the Lombardi Trophy in a matter of 2 years after Mahomes was drafted. Mahomes was on his rookie deal then only earning $4.6 million in that season, but with his new $500 million contract dollar contract it may signficantly hinder the Chiefs ability to win another Super Bowl.

Over the last nine years of the new NFL CBA, many QBs have helped their teams reach the big game. The common denominator of those players: many of them have been on their rookie contracts. With those Quarterbacks making less money than they would be making post extension, it allowed for their teams to have more flexibility to spend money on other positions on the roster, bettering their teams and their chances at the championship.

One thing that remains consistent in relation to QBs and their teams salary caps is that there is a common percentage that many seem to take up of that salary cap. Since the new CBA in 2011, many QBs maxed out at around 15% in regards to how much of the salary cap they took up for their teams. There have only been 12 instances in which a QBs salary cap hit exceeded 15%, however it has been happening more and more recently as the market for the position resets itself year after year. The reason for this common percentage of the cap being taken by QBs is that as contracts have skyrocketed, so has the salary cap. The salary cap has increased by $68.2 million since 2011 and has led to contracts inflating quickly.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the salary cap may continue to drop, resulting in the percentage of cap being taken by QBs increasing seemingly tenfold. In regards to Mahomes’s contract specifically, the Chiefs have pushed the big years of cap hits out until the 2023 season. Until then, we will wait and see if the most recent massive QB contract will effect the Chiefs in the long run as the salary cap fluctuates in value.

The idea of QBs on high salaries is that if the player can make up the financial disadvantage with their play, then no contract can be too much. Even the half a billion dollar contract being paid to Patrick Mahomes.

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Hypothesis Proved?

Posted on February 23, 2021 by davidbdale

Follow that? If ants truly gauge the distance they’ve traveled from the nest (and therefore the distance back to the nest) by counting their steps, then returning to the nest with longer legs means they would travel farther with each step, and hence . . . find themselves WAY past the nest by the time they stopped counting.

Just an example of how innovative thinking can result in a clever way to prove a hypothesis.

EXTRA CREDIT:

What evidence led the scientists to hypothesize that ants might be counting their steps? What observed behavior might indicate that was the case? Can you draw me a map of a nest and its surroundings that would demonstrate what the evidence might look like?

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