1. Drug Research

Background: It talks about the regulations of drugs and how they are handled in regulation. It also talks about what the manufacturers of the drugs do to meet regulations and make sure they have a high quality product.

Intend to use: I can use this information to compare it to the supplements and describe why the dietary supplements should be regulated more like the drugs. They have tight rules and it would create a better industry and a much safer one for the dietary supplements.

2. What is Ephedrine?

Background: This website talks about ephedra and the ingredients found in it. It goes into where it comes from and how it is used and created.It also gives the a list of examples of the complaints received by the FDA about terrible unwanted side effects of the supplement.

How I intend to use research: This gives me ingredients of the product I’m looking up. It states where it comes from and creation of it and uses giving me a very clear way at how it is mainly created. I can use this to examine how well it meets the dietary classifications and what different parts of it cause the harmful side effects.

3. Dietary Supplements

Background: This source gives the classification of dietary supplements. It also defines the regulations that the FDA sets up for them and rules they must follow.

How I intend to use research: This research will give me exactly what I’m looking for as in a classification of what a dietary supplement is. It also will help me see the rules and regulations they have and follow.

4. Dietary Supplements—Regulatory Issues and Implications for Public Health

Background: This source gives the problems with regulations on the Dietary supplement industry. It shows how loop holes can be used by the manufacturers of the product.

How I intend to use research: I intend to use this research to see the flaws in the supplement regulations and determine the type of things the manufacturers can easily get away with their supplement that could be unhealthy and dangerous.

5. Ingredients-Ephedrine

Background: This source goes into more details about the uses and ingredients of the Ephedrine supplement.

How I intend to use research: This research will give me more information on the make up of the Ephedra, so I can examine its ingredients to the needed ones of dietary supplements to be classified as so. It will also give me a good look at the dangerous substances inside of the supplement that makes it harmful.

Background: The site talks about the contents of the product metabolife 356, which is the specific Ephedra based product I use to talk about. It also gives a lot of information on use and description of it.

How intend to use: I have already used this website in my definition essay as my source for information on its ingredients. I also intend to use it for other small information about the use of the product.

7.Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Discharge Following Consumption of a Dietary Weight Loss Supplement

Background: It gives information on how the metabolife 356 affected a woman’s heart and the Ephedra product caused such terrible damage to her and needed a constant defibrillator.

How intend to use: I’m going to use the information as a basis and example of the effects of the metabolife 356 ephedra base drug. I can also use it to show how fast it could cause your heart to race and the effects of the drug on someone’s body.

8.Ephedra-Containing Dietary Supplements in the US versus Ephedra as a Chinese Medicine

Background: It talks about the usage of Ephedra in the dietary supplement and as used in Chinese medicine.

How intend to use: The website shows a different way Ephedra has been used in the way of Chinese medicine. It also talks about the usage of it as a dietary supplement and its dangers, which gives me more information on that.

9.The Severity of Toxic Reactions to Ephedra: Comparisons to Other Botanical Products and National Trends from 1993–2002

Background: The website talks about the dangers from the botanical Ephedra. It talks about how it was examined and tested. It also gives information on the severity of its use and exposure in a dietary supplement.

How I intend to use: I intend to take the information and incorporate it into explaining its very severe dangers and showing how its exposure in a supplement form is very dangerous to someone’s health.

10.Metabolife-356

Background: It gives more information on the supplement. It also talks about the different ingredients and backgrounds on them, along with usage of the dietary supplement.

How intend to use: I intend to take the information and talk more about the metabolife and its effects. I can also use the background information on certain ingredients in the product more too.

11. Ephedra Side Effects

Background: The site talks a little bit about the history of Ephedra, and its past uses and origin. It also goes on to talk about the side effects of the product.

How I intend to use: This site will give me more information on the side effects of Ephedra on people. It will also give me some more history on the product along with past uses in Chinese tradition. It can show a more useful way of the product that it has been used for and why its side effects are too dangerous to be in a dietary supplement.

12.Metabolife 356: Diet pill or Death Wish?

Background: This website gives information on the Metabolife 356 product. It also gives information on its safety and the claims and evidence that the Metabolife 356 company presents for its product.

Intend to use: I intend to use this information to use as basis for claims made by the company and to show the safety problems with this product. I can also use it to compare the claims made by the company to the regulations set for dietary supplements.

13. Dietary Supplements

Background: This website gives some more information on the regulations of dietary supplements and more information on the supplements.

Intend to use: This site can be used to give more sustenance to my rules and regulations I have found out about. It can also be used for more information on dietary supplements.

14. Ephedra legal?

Background: This site tells you that Ephedra is not completely banned by the FDA just a certain type of Ephedra called Ephedra- Sinica.

How intend to use: This site gives more information on the banning of the Ephedra and the specific type, so that I can give a more exact classification of the banned product. I can also use it to explain why this type is banned and not the other one.

15. Ephedra- Sinica

Background: This site gives information and background about the Ephedra sinica product. It goes on to talk about this exact type of the Ephedra.

Intend to use: I can use this information to further explain on this exact type of Ephedra that is banned. I can give background information on it, and give a better description of why this type has been banned. It will help me explain the banning of the Ephedra better, along with giving me more information on the product than I had.

1. Affirmative Action: Pros and Cons

-This source provides the reader with the perspective of two Kansas State University professors that stand behind affirmative action. They argue that the negative effects of the policy are negligible when compared to the positives it brings. One of the professors also states that he believes a time will come when affirmative action is no longer needed.

-While the counterintuitive aspect of my topic is that Affirmative Action does the opposite of what it claims to do, I know that I must acknowledge the reasons people believe it is useful. Therefore I will use the claims of these two college professors while looking at the positive sides of affirmative action.

2. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

-This source goes into how reverse discrimination is caused and whether or not affirmative action is worth what it was when it was initially introduced. There is an on-going debate examining the possibility that these policies actually cause more racial tension than it eliminates. There is also a section that compares U.S. affirmative action to other country’s policies, which provides insight on whether or not our policies are the best option.

-I am using this source as a guide to my topic of reverse discrimination. It will help me to form ideas and will also be helpful when looking for further examples to research. Also, if I can make a proposal claim towards the end of my paper, I will use the section that compares our policies to others.

3. The Case Against Affirmative Action

-Here is a source that involves the offices at Stanford being accused of racism by simply following the policies set forth by affirmative action. It also states that the accusations of racism are unfair, because decisions are only being made to satisfy the government policies.

-This is a great example of showing that as a society, there is a lot of negative attention towards admission officers even though they are only doing what they have to. I like this because it is very neutral on the topic of whether the nation should throw out affirmative action, and instead focuses on social negative effects involving people placing blame on the wrong individuals for decision making.

4.  The Diversity Imperative

-This article explores the concept of “reverse discrimination” in college acceptance and employment. There are multiple cases where caucasian applicants were denied due to the fact that racial quotas needed to be filled and no more white people could be taken. In one specific case, a white female applicant to the Law School at the University of Michigan sued because she was denied acceptance based on her race. Instead of being rejected because she was a certain race, she was rejected because she was NOT a certain race.

-There are multiple accounts of reverse discrimination in this article, so I plan on using them throughout the course of the paper. When a specific example can be fit into the assignment, I feel it will help the meaning of the paper because they are first hand accounts of reverse discrimination. There is also a statement made by a Justice of the Supreme Court that expresses his belief “that affirmative action may become obsolete if diversity can be maintained by using race-neutral policies.” I like this quote because it supports the proposal to come from source 3.

5. Affirmative Action and Campus Racism

-This article suggests that through the policies of affirmative action, racism can actually be created. This idea is somewhat abstract; however, the basis for the argument has potential. If caucasians know they are at a disadvantage for a position because they are white, despite qualifications, it will ultimately cause tension between them and the races that have a better chance at the position due to their minority status.

-When speaking of the many negative effects of affirmative action, this is another that I believe can be a very compelling one. Affirmative action was established to eliminate racial tendencies, but if it in turn actually causes racism in some ways, then it is the epitome of counterintuitivity.

6. About the AAAA

-This source describes the American Association for Affirmative Action’s automatic opposition to any federal or state programs that eliminate or even reduce the policies of Affirmative Action.

-The AAAA has often publicly opposed efforts by legislators to “throttle back” on affirmative action. I will examine the proposed changes in policy to evaluate whether the AAAA’s reflex opposition has prevented changes that could have made Affirmative Action better for everyone.

7. Conflicted Views of Affirmative Action

-This source provides actual data on how many Americans view affirmative action. These statistics provide the reader with views from both sides of the argument, some people express approval and others express their dislike.

-With the help of the numbers provided by the tables, I hope to clearly outline where and how many people stand on the many topics of affirmative action. For example, the “Personally Affected by Affirmative Action” numbers show that of the majority of people affected by affirmative action are affected in a negative way.

8. Justices Take Up Race as a Factor in College Entry

-This article found in the New York Times, reports the 2003 verdict by the Supreme Court, in which it said colleges have the right to take race into account when  admitting new students. Now eleven years later, the justices are contemplating changing that ruling.

-I must sound like a broken record, but the purpose of affirmative action was to create a color blind nation by providing every race with equal representation in places of employment and higher education. Color blind implies that race does not come into account whatsoever in the recruiting process. This ruling by the Supreme Court is allowing colleges to discriminate against applicants. This is the definition of reverse discrimination.

9. System Justification Beliefs, Affirmative Action, And Resistance to Equal Opportunity Organizations

-This source further explores the possibility that affirmative action causes more harm than good. According to actual studies, affirmative action policies have opponents not only among the majorities they harm, but also among the minorities they benefit.

-As a rebuttal to the argument that minorities truly need affirmative action and would suffer without it, I will use direct examples of minorities disagreeing with affirmative action. It is now common to see people that think the United States has come far enough to survive without the policies of affirmative action. In fact, minorities now feel affirmative action takes away from true accomplishments, because others view these accomplishment as only possible through affirmative action policies. In other cases, people are less likely to support a business that is notorious for reverse discrimination against applicants. This brings a past topic of mine to the surface again where the wrong people are blamed for simply following the laws set by the government.

10. White Americans’ opposition to affirmative action: Group interest and the harm to beneficiaries objection

-This source explores the view that White American’s are the main group behind opposition to affirmative action, even though there are those in the minority who also oppose it. The paper explains that White American’s object to the fact that merit is not the primary qualification.

-I like this source, because this entire time I have been arguing that affirmative action creates reverse discrimination. While I still find this to be true, this paper addresses the fact that through reverse discrimination, the concept of merit is suddenly less important. In a nation that pride’s itself on the American Dream, merit and ability is extremely relevant. Making merit irrelevant is un-American, and is another good example of the harm affirmative action does.

11. To Enroll More Minority Students, Colleges Work Around the Courts

-This New York Times article covers the recent abolition of using race as a means of determining acceptance to college in California. It also provides an alternate way to increase diversity, without the use of affirmative action policies.

-While I actually used this article in my rebuttal essay, I find it helpful in any other essay to be written about the abolition of affirmative action. Examples are provided on different systems used where affirmative action no longer exists, but diversity does.

Between fighting off the plague and scrapping the bottom of the barrel at this point, there will not be much to these, so apologies in advance.

11.  Marvel.com’s Terms and Conditions

Though not the contract that an artist would sign, several key elements of such a document carry over into Marvel’s Terms and Conditions page, and demonstrates how serious offenses can be in their perspective.  It also gives the full name and address of Marvel’s Legal Copyright Counselor, Seth Lehman.

Character reference is the usage here, mostly, so suggest just how drastic an offense can be to Marvel, even it does not appear to be as criminal to anyone else.

12.  Mirriam-Webster Online

The most official and global dictionary in use (arguable, I realize) for centuries, and thus the most respectable and logical source to utilize for referencing certain notations otherwise not commonly known.

Online is a much quicker and handier reference than book format, and much easier to “dumb-down” than legal dictionaries.

13.  Legal Dictionary at Law.com

Of course, it still makes sense to site an actual legal dictionary for professional legal terms and whatnot, so the most official as given by Law.com itself is quite a handy resource for clarifying terms like “Copyright” and “Parody.”

Usage intent is primarily for quick clarification of legal terms which will then be compared to Mirriam-Webster’s for similarity and more common understanding.

14.  Jack Kirby

A detailed, and also oral for this who would rather listen than read, history of the life of Jack “The King” Kirby, arguable the greatest comic book artist merely for being the man who “created” the superhero style that evolved into what we have today.

I figure if i am going to reference The King so much, it would be wise for people to know who he actually is.

15.  Marvel Sues Family of Comic Artist

Background on the Marvel v. Kirby Estate trial and acts as a character reference for Marvel and how ruthless they can behave in their legal proceedings; as mentioned in the Robert Liefeld citation from his Twitter paper, “No one who has sued Marvel has ever won.”  Grim, but true.

Just as the Kirby background reference provides his own history, this is another history reference to Marvel’s legal accounts fortunately also based on the grounds of a copyright claim.

1. 99 Cents per Song: A Fair Price for Digital Music? The Effects of Music Industry Strategies to Raise the Willingness to Pay by P2P Users

Background:  ”This article studies the effect of those initiatives on the willingness to pay of a sample of Spanish P2P users. Results show that value-based strategies are the most effective, while legal campaigns come second.” – from abstract of article

How I Intend to Use It: This article will help show statistics on how many people are willing to pay for music over downloading it illegally and recognize that the music industry has made attempts to counter file sharing by making affordable music available to purchase on the internet.

2. P2P, Online File-Sharing, and the Music Industry 

Background: Peer-to-Peer and its relation to online file-sharing has been a matter of great controversy for several years. Intersecting, as it does, the interests of innovators, content owners and consumers it has posed difficult and interesting questions not least those regarding how the interests of some IP owners should affect the development of technology. This brief literature summary does not seek to address these wider questions about how copyright and technology policy can be balanced in the best interests of society, but rather to simply address the basic question of the impact of online file-sharing on sales and welfare. – from Introduction of article

How I Intend to Use It: This article will help in finding a close figure expressing the amount of money the music industry really loses from file sharing. The article shows different findings over different periods of time by a variety of studies to give multiple findings to compare with one another.

3. How Much do Music Artists Earn Online? [INFOGRAPHIC]

Background: This web infographic chart shows how many sales an artist would have to make to earn a month’s worth minimum wage pay through the different market mediums such as CD retail, online music stores, and internet radio. The article also has a link to a chart that shows how much an artist makes on publishing royalties to find out exactly how much an average artist can make.

How I Intend to Use It: I intend to use this article to bring to light just how little artist make through record sales and to show how downloading an artist’s music for free can really effect their revenue.

4. MUSIC FOR NOTHING OR, I WANT MY MP3

Background: With the public discourse around filesharing veering towards punitive extremes, our aim in this essay is to reframe the issue in two ways. First, we argue that the filesharing debates are ‘too economic’, insofar as they reduce a multi-faceted phenomenon to a single issue: financial loss resulting from the theft of intellectual property. Lost in such arguments is the fact that music routinely circulates through the culture in myriad ways that have little (if anything) to do with commerce and capitalism, and everything to do with affect and affiliation. Second, the filesharing debates are simultaneously ‘not economic enough’, insofar as they evade the financial complexities of the music business in favor of an overly simplistic equation:‘downloaded music’ leads directly to ‘lost sales revenues’. A more robust analysis of the music industry’s standard economic practices, however, undercuts both its economic claims about the negative effects of filesharing on sales and its moral claims to be defending helpless musicians from downloading ‘thieves’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How I Intend to Use It: I intend to use this essay to have an alternative source to check facts with other sources and vice versa. Upon further reading of all my sources, I will be able to differentiate claims that may be false with claims that match up with other sources.

5. The Moral Argument In Favor Of File Sharing?

Background: This article shows certain opinions from people who are for file sharing and for those who are against file sharing. The article gives examples of their moral beliefs on the subject and why it is or is not acceptable to use file sharing.

How I Intend to Use It: I intend to use this article to find the argument that defends the morality of file sharing. The article also offers comments from other people who have read the article and have their own input on the subject, so I will be able to look through other peoples opinions.

6. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is the trade organization that supports and promotes the creative and financial vitality of the major music companies. Its members are the music labels that comprise the most vibrant record industry in the world. RIAA® members create, manufacture and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legitimate recorded music produced and sold in the United States. (From Website)

How I will use it: The RIAA website has a lot of information regarding the negative affects of music piracy and also have an entire page of information entitled For Students Doing Reports.

7. FightPiracy.org

This website is set up to inform readers on what exactly music piracy is and ways to take action against it and report piracy.

How I will use it: This is a helpful website to support arguements on exactly who music piracy effects.

8. Time Magazine U.S – The Battle Over Music Piracy

This article taken from Time Magazine talks about the attempt to stop music piracy through online MP3 sellers like Amazon and discusses pros and cons on music piracy.

How I will use it: Time magazine is a reliable source of information on any subject it covers, and reading through what a journalist of this well respected magazine will hopefully share some intellectual insight on the subject.

9. The RIAA Music Downloading Controversy: Both Sides of the Record

This article seeks to explain the roles of various agencies and to present different faces of the issue in an unbiased yet informative manner. The views expressed by sources for this article are not necessarily those of the author or of musicbizadvice.com; we just want to bring the topic to the table for discussion. (From Article)

How I will use it: This article covers a lot of the background of both sides who are arguing about music piracy and the controversies about lawsuits and other events that have happened in the recent past.

10. The Music Industry on (the) Line? Surviving Music Piracy in a Digital Era.

Abstract: The article presents an analyis of the prevalence of piracy in music trade which has affected global sales of CDs. It points out that technological developments such as file sharing, MP3 players, and CDRs have increased music piracy. Accordingly, most common forms of music piracy are Internet piracy and compact disc (CD) piracy. It discusses the association between music piracy and organized crime, which is defined as profit-driven illegal activities motivated by profit maximization. It explores the vulnerabilities of music trade which include the nature of the product, degree of law enforcement, and pricing. It suggests that it is necessary for music companies to change their business plan through music online marketing in order to minimize the incidence of music piracy.

How I will use it: This source shows sufficient evidence of the financial effects on the music industry through accurate statistics.

11. Education is Best Weapon Against Web Piracy, not SOPA

This article refers to the SOPA act that was attempted to be passed in congress and alternative solutions to dealing with music piracy.

How I will use it: This is a more recent article, so it may help tie together points from articles that may seem dated.

12.  Why were millions of people not obeying the law? Motivational influences on non-compliance with the law in the case of music piracy.

Despite highly publicized efforts by the music industry to curb music piracy, millions of Americans continued to illegally download and share music. This study obtained college student responses to scenarios that measured perceptions of three types of music theft: shoplifting a CD, illegally downloading, and illegally downloading plus file sharing. The students also reported their own recent downloading behavior, completed a demographics questionnaire, and responded to a series of statements that assessed their attitudes regarding factors associated with legal compliance in other domains. The data indicated that students viewed downloading and file sharing very differently than they viewed shoplifting in terms of endorsement of reasons to comply with laws prohibiting those behaviors. Further, concerns regarding punishment (i.e. deterrence), morality beliefs, and generalized obligation to obey the rule of law had the strongest relationships to self-reported downloading behavior. Respect for the music industry had the weakest relationship to legal compliance with both responses to the scenarios and students’ self-report of their own downloading behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How I will use it: This article helps in understanding why people choose to steal music online instead of purchasing it, focusing on students in college.

13. Stopping File Sharing will not improve the music industry

This blog argues the problem that the RIAA sews people who download illegal music instead of the websites that make the music available. It also argues that artist generally profit from file sharing rather than suffering losses.

How I will to use it: I will use this article to study the opposing argument of those who are for file sharing. It can be used to make counterarguments.

14. Music Piracy and its Effects on Demand, Supply, and Welfare

Abstract: The decade since Napster has seen a dramatic reduction in revenue to the recorded music industry, and organizations representing the recording industry have argued, first, that piracy explains this revenue reduction and, second, that the effective weakening of copyright protection for recorded music will reduce the amount of new music coming to market. Much of the research in this area has sought to document the effect of file sharing on the recording industry’ revenue, and most observers agree that technological change has sharply reduced the effective degree of protection that copyright affords since 1999. But a separate and potentially more important question is what has happened to the supply of new music in the decade since file- sharing. This paper reports findings from emerging literatures on these questions. A new index of the quantity of new music derived from critics’ best-of lists suggests that the quantity of new consequential recorded music has not declined since Napster.

How I will use it: This essay gives much evidence of the economic effect of music piracy and gives a lot of information onthe history of music piracy with information on Napster.

15. Music Industry Counts the Cost of Piracy

New York Times article about music piracy and the effect it has had on the music industry. Some of those who are harmed by music piracy are asking for government to step in and help stop it.

How I will use it: I used to read the New York Times every morning in a high school class and it is a valuable source. This article gives a non bias view on the side that is against music piracy.

1.  A longitudinal study of the association between violent video game play and aggression among adolescents.

Background: An academic study testing if there is a relationship between violent video games and increased aggression over 3 years in Hispanic youths, and finds no evidence to support any link between the two. While short term studies have found this to be true, this study refutes that and finds no link between violent video games an increased aggression over the high school years.

Usage: This is one of a variety of studies that measures aggression after playing violent video games. What makes this study possibly more important than the many like it is it does take a longer view of the issue, up to 3 years. While I’ll use short-term studies as well, this should be quite useful in establishing the overall impact of violence in video games. It also should provide some insight into how studies can account for variables out of their control, because obviously the testers cannot maintain complete control over the youths.

2.   Chory, Rebecca M., and Alan K. Goodboy. “Is Basic Personality Related To Violent And Non-Violent Video Game Play And Preferences?.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking 14.4 (2011): 191-198. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.

Background: This study examines the link between violent video games and different personalities. The research found that those that tested higher in openness and were more extroverted tended to play more violent games, a conclusion that contradicts the normal introverted stereotype.

Usage: This is important because it should provide information to answer the question if violence in video games makes people more violent, or if violent people just gravitate toward violent video games. This study may or may not be important to the paper, it depends on if other studies control for this aspect.

3. Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts, and Unanswered Questions

Background: From the American Psychological Association, Craig A. Anderson makes a case against violent video games.  He does a deft job at twisting various conclusion to fit his own view – for example, he argues that meta-analysis prove that the studies that find no link between violence in games and negative effects incorrect, while completely ignoring the meta-analysis results that go against his claims. Also of note is the description of what some video games contain, which is a great example of why such an argument is ineffective. Some famous books taught in High School around the country contain murder, torture, incest, and pedophilia, but that doesn’t mean we should ban all books.

Usage: This source provides a twolfold use. It is a great example of the arguments against violence in video games and also gives a great list of references at the end, presumably of studies that agree with his points. Examining the validity of those studies will be essential to coming to a conclusion on whether violence in video games has a significant effect.

4. The effect of video game competition and violence on aggressive behavior: Which characteristic has the greatest influence?

Background: Another important study that concludes that it’s not violence that has an effect on behavior, but rather competitiveness.

Usage: This may be the focus of a significant portion of my paper, because if competition is the cause for changes in behavior then it possibly invalidates many studies that did not take this into effect.

5. “MY AVATAR BEHAVES WELL AND THIS FEELS RIGHT”: IDEAL AND OUGHT SELVES IN VIDEO GAMING.

Background: A study that actually that seems to support a positive change in behavior after violent gaming. According to the study, people recently playing violent video games would donate more money than those who did not.

Usage: This opens up the avenue of research into positive changes from video games, and whether the benefits outweigh the costs.

6. Arslan Fatma, et al. “The Study Of Aggression Level Of Secondary Students Who Play Sports And Do Not Play Sports.” Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health 9.2 (2009): 202-205. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Background: A study conducted that shows that those who play sport average a higher aggression than those who do not. It’s focused on one area, but it has a sample size of 600 students (300 that play sports, 300 that do not) so it at least has enough data to start drawing conclusions – in fact, it has about thrice the participants of the average video game study, which usually top out at 200 subjects.

Usage: Intergral to the argument that it is not just games that cause aggression. Several sports, particularily football, is commonly believed to either promote or maybe just attract aggressive people, but this finds that result holds true no matter the sport, which suggests that it’s the competitive element that really causes the change.

7. Barlett, Christopher P., Richard J. Harris, and Ross Baldassaro. “Longer You Play, The More Hostile You Feel: Examination Of First Person Shooter Video Games And Aggression During Video Game Play.” Aggressive Behavior 33.6 (2007): 486-497. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2012

Background: A source that supports that violence in video games cause aggression, and that this aggression increases the longer you play up to a certain maximum level.

Usage:  I needed another pro-violence in video games source to remain reasonably objective, and this one is better supported than most.

8. Haridakis, Paul M. “Men, Women, And Televised Violence: Predicting Viewer Aggression In Male And Female Television Viewers.” Communication Quarterly 54.2 (2006): 227-255. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Background: A study that shows violence on tv has an effect on aggression. Surprisingly hard to find enough to support this conclusion, since it is taken as fact in so many cases that there are more tangential studies then there are ones proving this.

Usage: Similar to the sports study, trying to show that other things promote aggression.

9. Harris, Richard, et al. “How Long Do The Short-Term Violent Video Game Effects Last?.” Aggressive Behavior 35.3 (2009): 225-236. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Background: A study that ignores GAM and focuses on how long the increased aggression from violent video games last. Results indicate that any elevated aggressive responses tail off in approximately 15 minutes after playing a game.

Usage: While this does support that violence in games does cause increased aggression, it also supports my point that this increase is insignificant by showing that it fades after 15 minutes. It does not, however, analyze any sort of cumulative effect from playing many violent games.

10.  Möller, Ingrid, and Barbara Krahé. “Exposure To Violent Video Games And Aggression In German Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Aggressive Behavior 35.1 (2009): 75-89. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Mar. 2012.

Background:  A pro-video games violence causes aggression source. Appears to have at least two questionable testing methods, and thus is mostly compared to other studies.

Usage:  Used as a comparison for what not to do in other studies. Especially the way they test for aggression seems like it would be easy to manipulate and wouldn’t get enough data for a solid result.

11. Thomas, Kimberly D., and Ronald F. Levant. “Does The Endorsement Of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Moderate The Relationship Between Exposure To Violent Video Games And Aggression?.” Journal Of Men’s Studies 20.1 (2012): 47-56. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Background: A sociology study that finds that endorsing traditional masculine values predicts an increase in aggression independent of violent video game play, though it also finds that violent games also have this effect.

Usage: Another source to support my “But everything else causes aggression, so the fact that violence in games do doesn’t matter all that much” idea.

12. Playing Prosocial Video Games Increases the Accessibility of Prosocial Thoughts.

Background: A study that examines one of the positive effects of video games – that playing a video game that encourages interactions leads to a more prosocial attitude.

Usage: Used to show that video games do not only produce negative consequences.

13.A Plea for Caution: Violent Video Games, the Supreme Court, and the Role of Science.

Background: Examines the Supreme Court case regarding the effects of video game violence, specifically on children

Usage: Another tool that should provide some criteria to judge studies on. I feel that my definitional argument that deals with this topic is a bit weak, and I’d like to cover more criteria, which this source will hopefully allow me to do in a succinct fashion.

14.The school shooting/violent video game link: causal relationship or moral panic?

Background: A study that refutes the idea that violent video games lead to school shooting, stating the massive differences between the two.

Usage: Not arguing against an increase in aggression, but instead it is like the television, masculinity, and sports studies that it gives more evidence that video games are not the only thing that causes adverse effects. In this case, it’s a direct refutation of the common claim that violence in games has caused several school shootings.

15.  Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological arousal.

Background: A source that supports violence in games increasing aggression. It focuses on the effects of game featuring realistic violence that you’d be likely to see in real life versus those with unrealistic violence, and finds that while realistic violence has more of an effect, unrealistic violence still produces some effect.

Usage: Indirect support for my “But everything else increases aggression” arugment, because now I can take the results here and apply them to cartoons aimed at children as well. Also possibly some support for the idea that the competitive nature of games causes the increase in aggression, depending on whether the games chosen vary in difficulty enough to conclude this