Due to lack of cerebral development, the minimum driving age should be raised to the age of 21 nationwide in order to reduce the dangers novice drivers present to those with whom they share roads.
Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk taking in the Columbia Card Task
It seems counterintuitive that young adults and adolescents are expected to perform increasingly demanding tasks, and make increasingly difficult decisions, while often still developing the needed skills in order to do so. Authors Figner and Bernd of Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk taking in the Columbia Card Task, a psychological study conducted to test risk taking skills across different age groups stated that “Everyday risk taking shows a typical developmental trajectory. Comparatively low during childhood, risk taking increases when individuals reach puberty, peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, and decreases again during adulthood. This age pattern has been documented in different risk-taking behaviors, such as the use of licit and illicit substances, dangerous behavior in traffic.” A study not at all related to automotive accidents, or driver ability, clearly states that what is known of risk taking supports the idea of young drivers performing dangerous behavior in traffic, putting themselves and others at risk. Furthermore, the authors cite a study conducted by Reyna & Farley, as well as Steinberg, saying “in everyday life, adolescent risk taking is often based on poor or even “absent” decision making”. Showing that adolescents just do not have the experience or the capability to reduce risky behavior and decision making, in turn endangering themselves and others on the road.
Age and Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Behaviour as an Explanation for High Incidence of Motor Vehicle Crashes
When looking at the data presented in authors Cathy Turner and Rod McClure’s Age and Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Behaviour as an Explanation for High Incidence of Motor Vehicle Crashes as a Driver in Young Males, it seems counterintuitive that as a society we continue to allow young male drivers to obtain a driver’s license at such a young age. Using data from Australian motor vehicle accidents in the years 1999 and 2000, Cathy Turner and Rod McClure’s go on to present that “male drivers were involved in 75% of fatal motor vehicle crashes in both 1999 and 2000, with those aged 17-25 years involved in one in every five fatal motor vehicle crashes in 2000.” This is compared to females in the same age group accounting for only 7% of fatal accidents. 20 compared to 7 percent, with both genders being in the 17-25 age group is concerning to say the least. To go along with this, the mean score of the “thrill seeking” category of the study conducted was 1.52. This was based on the data received from 692 respondents ranging in age from 17 to 88. The mean score of the youngest age group, those aged 17-29, however was more than double this, with a mean score of 4.17 in that age group specifically. Based off this, one begins to wonder whether the correlation between risk-taking behavior, fatal accidents, and seeking a thrill are all due to the lack of comprehending consequences, a common theme in the younger age group.
Multivariate analysis of age-related driver ability and performance deficits
It seems counterintuitive to solely focus on young drivers when determining risk factors on the roads. In fact age appears to play a role on both ends of the driver spectrum, with both the youngest and oldest drivers on the road posing a bigger threat than any other age group. In fact, old age plays a significant role in the findings of research titled Multivariate analysis of age-related driver ability and performance deficits conducted by James and Scott McKnight, where they find “the fact that elderly drivers are disproportionately involved in multi-vehicle accidents (Cerrelli, 1989) means that their increased accident risk is extended to the driving population at large.”. Further looking into the topic, the authors of this study went on to conduct physical tests to try and narrow down the potential causes for this increase in risk, finding that “Significant correlations (r=0.4–0.5) were found between unsafe driving incidents and deficiencies in attentional, perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor categories and 0.3 for the visual.” This leads one to believe that although age increased the risk of these accidents, it may in fact be deficiencies in attentional, perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor skills that are responsible.
The sex disparity in risky driving: A survey of Colombian young drivers
It seems counterintuitive that there are people who assume that young drivers are only a problem in the United States. In fact, it is immature to assume that this issue only applies to the most developed nations. Instead, in his article The sex disparity in risky driving: A survey of Colombian young drivers, author Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios states that, “young drivers in Colombia appear to engage in the same risky driving behaviors as young drivers in developed nations.” Seeing this based on the survey conducted, asking 392 students of a major university aged 16-24 about their driving habits, one can see that this is not just an issue found in the United States, instead a recurring trend around the world.
Rates of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Injuries, and Deaths in Relation to Driver Age, United States, 2014 – 2015
It seems counterintuitive that insurance companies release data regarding accident statistics in the United States yearly, however the trends remain consistent. Such is the case in AAA’s Research Brief titled Rates of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Injuries, and Deaths in Relation to Driver Age, United States, 2014 – 2015, where in the opening statement one can read that “Drivers ages 16-17 continue to have the highest rates of crash involvement, injuries to themselves and others and
deaths of others in crashes in which they are involved.” Furthermore, statistics in the brief state that “The crash rate of drivers ages 16-17 years was nearly double that of drivers ages 18-19 and approximately 4.5 times that of drivers ages 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59”. A seemingly impossible statistic, but when combined with the fact that these drivers are inexperienced, and sometimes do not have fully developed risk taking abilities. Without the proper tools required to safely conduct the task of driving, a lot of questions regarding what needs to be changed come up.
Hypothesis: Music aids better cognitive ability due to its ‘feel good’ ability
Sources
“Music therapy and neurological rehabilitation: Recognition and the performed body in an ecological niche.”
In this writing, the writer, David Aldridge, explains why he think music therapy is a great things. From reading, to first hand accounts, David Aldridge realizes the change in people after music therapy. He explains music therapy is repetition and that when you repeat something, the ideas are easier to remember and obtain. A small study was done on children who were a delayed on the learning scale, but after music therapy, these kids scored high on a mini test than they did beforehand. He says, “Music therapy is about these elements; the therapeutic relationship, within a specific hearing/listening environment involving the active performance of sounds using integrated movements, which promote development.”
“The effect of music and multimodal stimulation on responses of premature infants in neonatal intensive care”
A study was done to see how music effects the development of infants. For the testing there were two groups, control and experimental. The difference was that the experimental group received 15 to 30 minutes of lullaby listening once or twice a week. Both males’ and females’ weight increase and tolerance for stimulation increased. But, females increased more significantly. In the end, the music stimulation helped the experimental group, but it was recognized that females were affected more positively than males.
“The Effects of Music Therapy on Vital Signs, Feeding, and Sleep in Premature Infants”
Music was used to test critical areas such as sucking, weight gain, sleep, and recovery from painful procedures. Parents’ voices were also shown to enhance vocalization in premature
infants. During the lullaby and rhythm intervention, lower heart rates occurred. Entrained breath sounds produced lower heart rates and differences in sleep patterns. With parent-preferred lullabies, caloric intake and sucking behavior were higher. Parental stress perception decreased because of music. Music therapy sessions include parental assessment skills, like their own breathing, heartbeat, and voice, and how they help in their infant’s growth. With this in mind, parents should learn to use their bodies as an instrument.
“Music therapy for depression: it seems to work, but how?”
With this writing, the writer sees music making as a form to help with depression, but wants to know why. And it is believed that the act of “doing” is a big portion of the act. The active doing was interlinked with the dimensions of aesthetic, physical and relational. Each of these three things help bring pleasure to the person. With the new sense of pleasure, the depressed person is happy.
“The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music”
Background music is examined throughout the work. There is a study done with older people to see how they perform with music. We see how different types of music can affect people’s mood and productivity. Music seems to affect arousal, mood and enjoyment, which all in return can affect cognitive performance. Fast tempo music seems to have benefits for tasks tapping processing speed and visuospatial abilities. With that said, it can also have a negative effect in complex tasks. It may be due to a limited pool of resources that is available for cognitive processing. The test was done to measure vocabulary, depressive behavior, and memory, processing speed. The test results seems to aid positive results overall.
Working hypothesis: Due to inbreeding and improper breeding, the bulldog, french bulldog, pug, and the boston terrier should not bred purely for its looks.
Petface is described as the youthful puppylike features that remain throughout a dogs life like big heads, smushed face, and bulging eyes. While breeding for these “favorable traits” it causes many juvenile behavioral traits, respiratory disorders, various skin conditions, and many reproductive issues. Dogs most commonly involved with this dangerous breeding include the pug, the english bulldog, and the french bulldog. As a result, these breeds tend to have higher than average amounts of veterinary treatments required. The love for the smushed, short face directly relates to the oddly shaped ears, wide, yet flat skulls, wrinkles over nose, and extra face wrinkles impacting the dogs ability to exercise, withstand heat, stress, and to physically breathe to decrease. The face wrinkles also can be prone to cause many skin problems, like yeast and bacterial infections. This type of breeding seems to be a double sided sword; desirable traits are met, with the downside of many genetic diseases.
Although Purebred Dogs Can Be Best in Show, Are They Worst in Health?
The roots of dogs genetically caused problems has skyrocketed as dog shows became popular, causing breeders to selectively inbreed for very specific features. These standards have been set by organizations such as the American Kennel Club (AKC) who dictate the standards for what each breed should look like. A tactic often used by breeders is line breeding which is inbreeding direct relatives such as father and daughter. Regardless of the genes being healthy or not, purebreds often suffer from inherited diseases, and elevated other health issues involving the dog’s body frame and shape. A good example of this involves the bull dog, which originally looked like today’s pitbull. When the dog shows came around, the bulldog was bred for a certain squat with shortened legs, and a big head with a flat muzzle. As a result bulldogs typically undergo artificial insemination, which may just cause the breed to go extinct. Jerold Bell, a geneticist at Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, believes breeding practices are negatively impacted by the ignorance of genetic issues, since people see a cute dog and are instantly sold.
Despite how well behaved the american gentleman breed is, they are bred purposely for a deformed structure. The average age of death for the boston terrier is 10.4 years old. Out of 675 litters, 86% were C- sections due to large heads, 9% of puppies died at birth or soon after, and 14% were born with birth defects. Another survey looked at 109 boston terriers who have passed, with only 9 dogs actually passing from old age. 20% unfortunately passed from cancer, mostly mastocytoma, and another 10% from epilepsy. Due to the short face, all bostons suffer from some sort of brachycephalic syndrome, the pathological condition affecting short nosed animals leading to severe respiratory distress. The boston can be susceptible to eye problems, skin problems, orthopedic problems, heart diseases, and inherited deafness.
How to Save Inbred, Short-Faced Dogs Such as Pugs and Bulldogs from Poor Health
David Sargan Senior Lecturer in Molecular Pathology at the Department of Veterinary Medicine. “How to Save Inbred, Short-Faced Dogs Such as Pugs and Bulldogs from Poor Health.” The Conversation, 20 July 2020, theconversation.com/how-to-save-inbred-short-faced-dogs-such-as-pugs-and-bulldogs-from-poor-health-63341.
About half of pugs and bulldogs experience breathing problems that cause overheating,exercise intolerance, and sleep apnoea. Also they tend to have large heads and small pelvises, leaving no choice but artificial insemination, then C- sections. Not only can their skin folds become infected, but their exposed eyes are also very vulnerable to injury, with already 15% having prolapsed third eyelids. An investigation of genetic variation in bulldogs showed very little genetic diversity on both, mother and father’s side. In a new study, it was found that outbreeding, introducing dogs from outside breeders registers, by breeding back to normal head shape and less excessive skin rolls would help their disease problems. Breeders tend to reject introducing genes outside of their breed since they fear their breed will then “be contaminated”, implying the breed would lose its character, be introduced to new diseases, and change in temperament.
The french bulldog is one of the brachycephalic breeds, caused by human- selected flat faces and large heads. This breed has so much trouble breathing, many airlines refuse to allow them to fly in cargo. Of course these issues are terrible for the frenchie, but can also cause “dogdom”. The impact of these improper bred dogs will mean higher populations of dogs at veterinary clinics, more expensive vet bills, more dogs in shelters, and breeders breeding with no concern for the health or welfare of these dogs. Not only is this breed relatively newer, but also one of the most popular breeds. Out of 300 clinics, they were able to find 2228 frenchie files, revealing 72% having some sort of disorder. Also the breeds median age in 2013 was 1.3 years which is significantly lower than most dogs, whose median on average was about 4.5 years. Some of this disorders were found to be typical diarrhea and ear infections, while others include skin fold dermatitis ( a stinky bacterial infection that grows between dogs wrinkles), corneal ulcers ( painful condition due to bulging eyes not being able to fully close), and 25% being upper respiratory disorders.
It seems counterintuitive that we should know what our reflection looks like, but yet our own reflection in the mirror isn’t what the whole world sees. Our regular mirrors in our bedrooms, bathrooms and even the reflective ceilings in an elevator are the complete opposite of what is true. The Hair Part Theory helps support this idea that our regular mirrors are in fact not true mirrors. Your hair parted to the left of you is actually the right part in a true mirror. We should know ourselves best and what we look like, but in fact we are looking at a reflection instead of it’s transparency—just as the world views us. Look into a true mirror to gain a better understanding of yourself.
It seems counterintuitive that vitamins hold more harm than good when they’re in a market to do nothing but improve your health. The sole purpose of a multivitamin is supposed to provide nutrients that one may lack. However, these money sucking supplements could lead to adverse effects and do the opposite. For example, the average person gets plenty of their recommended iron from rice, cereals, and bread—so why the multi? This could lead to unfavorable outcomes like increased risk of heart disease. So next time you see one of these overpriced “health foods” on the shelf, do yourself a favor and skip over them.
It seems counterintuitive that Vancouver supplies free heroin to some of the biggest addicts in the area. These individuals harm themselves and society by staying addicted on the streets, robbing places for money and committing illegal sex crimes like prostitution just to get some “smack”. Does this program really help individuals overcome their addiction? Not necessarily. It simply sedates the person, and pushes the problem under the rug. The program and city are both selfish organizations. Instead of actually caring about the well-being of the person who’s slowly killing themselves with each passing needle, they care more about the effects it has on the local society and what the “beautiful” city streets of Vancouver look like.
Current state of research paper:
I am still trying to find a good hypothesis and see where my research on this topic will take me. So far, I like my stance on the vitamin topic, but I need to make sure that all of my points are unique and not redundant, as it is easy to repeat myself throughout the paper. I think I would benefit from another meeting (after I gather some more research on the topic) and have a meeting with Professor Hodges.
Working hypothesis 1: Requiring health insurance corporations to cover the cost of mental health treatments would make medication easier to access for people struggling with depression and dramatically reduce the rates of suicide.
Working hypothesis 2: Requiring health insurance companies to pay the cost of medicine regarding mental health is not ideological in our society.
Sources:
“Insurance Coverage of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services for Children and Adolescents: A Consensus Statement”
As the rate of mental illnesses in adolescence continues to increase yet there is still not enough to be done to help low income families cover the cost of medication. Insurance companies limit the options and narrow down a track that must be followed, not to a patient’s specific needs, but rather a basic generalized plan. The only way to fix this dilemma is to increase the resources made available, or else families who can not afford it may avoid treatment all together. The earlier adolescence can get health care, the less likely their illness will continue to develop and worsen. The psychological factors within the brain are more easily treated while it is still growing. Access, coordination, and monitoring are the three key issues that must be addressed. In terms of access, medicine can be very difficult to obtain. External processes are mandated to receive approval. There must be a direct line of communication between medical and mental health services. This goes hand in hand with coordination. Because the sectors do not properly communicate with each other, responsibilities are left unclear. Thus, why families should have direct coordination with health services. Another remaining issue is monitoring. Families are left unclear on the information regarding the quality of services, otherwise guidelines are not specified to uninformed clients.
“Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Patients Without a Psychiatric Diagnosis”
A study was conducted to compare individual’s ability to obtain a prescription with and without a diagnosis. The end result was that a majority of individuals without a prescription were able to have access that medicine. It appeared that patients within an older age range were less likely to get a prescription. The study, written by Weichers, argues that, “that prescribing psychotropic medication in the absence of a psychiatric diagnosis is not uncommon, increases with age of the individual, is more prevalent in general medical practice than in mental health specialty care, and is modestly accounted for by the severity of an individual’s general medical illness or by medical indications for use.” When further investigating the study, it is shown that the categories were broken up into medication (with six subgroups) and diagnosis. It was then proven that age had a big influence on the results. The end results proving the hypothesis to be true.
“Health Reform and the Scope of Benefits for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Services”
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides protection for citizens in the united states to expand health insurance coverage, which includes providing mental health care for those who need. Individuals suffering with severe disorders are required to go through external processes in order to obtain the medication needed. So, it seems that the prescriptions are even harder to get for those who suffer even more, what is the logic in that? The way that the protection act works is it expands the coverage for those of a certain age or certain income, so those who do not fall within the specified category are left out. Individuals who are uninsured most likely have low incomes and will not meet to requirement to for coverage. States are allowed to set their own criteria for what deems appropriate to receive insurance coverage, and often times target individuals with more severe situations. The laws created do not specify specific diagnoses or prescriptions but instead generalizes them so that those with specific needs cannot get essential medicine.
“Health Insurance May Be Improving-But Not for Individuals with Mental Illness”
As individuals suffering with mental illnesses continues to increase, the number of employers who are willing to provide benefits decreases. People who suffer from such disorder are way more likely to experience poverty or unemployment thus will not be able to afford insurance on there own let alone the help they need. The help that individuals need is there. In our society today there have been major advancements in medicine and technology, but the one issues is, its not easily available. With more and more people suffering from major psychiatric disorders, employers and insurance companies are more likely to limit coverage in order to save money. It is proven that people who suffer from mental health disorders most likely are uninsured why people who have no history of mental illness are insured.
“Economic Grand Rounds: Experience With Mandated Use of Generic Medications for Patients Covered by the Mental Health Safety Net”
In this article it was found that physicians were unaware of the cost of the medication they were prescribing. But having them prescribe cheaper alternatives will not reduce pharmacy costs. In order to do these pharmacies must stick to generic medication. Thanks to the mandated generic psychotropic medication policy if medication was denied individuals could appeal and get access to generic medicine with lower costs. Once applied the new plan significantly decreased the cost of prescriptions. The amount of prescribed medicine continued to increase meaning more patients were able to get the help they needed, as well as the number of individuals with covered benefits.
Definition/classification: It is not often understood what prescription do and do not need a diagnosis. Many severe mental disorders require a diagnosis for treatment.
Cause/effect: Requiring health insurance costs to be covered allows low income families get the medication they need to get better.
Rebuttal: Some may say that some of the medications necessary for treatment are dangerous and should not be more easily available.
Current State of Research: I think after writing this white paper I feel more confident about my research. I have now found the evidence to back up my hypothesis and solidify my argument. I am still slightly still confused on which issue to lead more toward, insurance coverage or diagnostics because they are both relevant to one another.
More women are seeking help because women are more willing to reach out and talk about their emotions. Men are told to “man up,” to not show emotion or vulnerability. They seek help for mental health way less often, at 32%. This, putting them at a greater risk for suicide.
Women had a higher rate of suicide attempts, however men have higher suicides. In 2018, men died by suicide 3.65x faster than women did.
Men actually use more violent methods of suicide than women, and even if the same method is used by both genders, more men are pronounced dead and more women are hospitalized.
Men also show different signs of depression that are not commonly found in women and some symptoms can be seen as normal behavior. Men are at greater risk due to the stigma against them and mental health and lack of willingness to reach out for help.
Working Hypothesis:
Men who are depressed are less likely to ask for help due to the societal norms and a stigma of masculinity, leading more men to commit suicide. If society normalized speaking on mens mental health and brought more attention to it, more males will feel comfortable reaching out which can prevent future mental illness and suicide.
Gender differences do exist when it comes to suicide. Women are more likely to have thoughts of suicide, and men are more likely to actually take their own lives. Though this is a harsh topic to speak on, it can prevent future suicides by talking about it. Statistics reveal that men choose more violent, lethal ways and women are normally by drugs or poison. Due to the fact that women have more attempts but men have more deaths by suicide, it is a common belief that women do this for attention or a cry for help, and that is why they end up in being hospitalized instead of dead. However, this is not true, in any case. Either gender a previous suicide attempt puts a person at greater risk to attempt again. This article discusses the difference in suicide methods further in men who were married, unmarried, had a history with substance abuse and other forms of suicide. Even when comparing the genders using the same method, mens attempts are still more serious and definite. This may be because women have a less serious intent to die. It is emphasized that mens health should be normalized. It is important to talk about and bring awareness to.
This study compared and evaluated the methods used in suicide attempts by men and women and investigated the possible role of gender in the selection of suicide method. The study population consists of 147 participants (33 males and 114 females) aged between 14 and 33 years. The study resulted with the most popular method being drugs, 42.31%, and exsanguination at 25.64%. This study also showed that more women chose drug overdose and more men chose hanging or asphyxia. In conclusion to the study, resulted that women as a group more oftenly attempted suicide rather than actually committing it. While men were more likely to complete suicides and choose more violent suicide methods; thus, females are said to be “attempters” and “survivors” of these suicide attempts. The study results have implications for therapy and suicide prevention, and suggest that psychotherapeutic activities should be fitted and associated to the psychological and personality traits associated with gender identity. This study comes with a lot of numbered data and graphs for visuals on the topic and their experiment.
Mens mental health is something that is often over looked or even forgotten about. In the U.S. alone men make up 80% of the suicides. Even when a man is aware of his feelings of depression they are still less likely to ask for professional help than women. Why is this? One possible reason being the stigma for mental health overall, is a sign of showing weakness. The stigma can be worse for men too because it is not, “masculine.” Another reason would be masculine role socialization. An example, “boys don’t cry,” from a young age this is what they are hearing. To suppress their emotions, and appear strong. And lastly, social norms. Suppressing their emotions becomes such a habit that by the time they reach adulthood, they may be unclear of most emotions aside from anger. Seeking help from a mans perspective might seem like abnormal behavior, because they are supposed to “tough it out,” on their own. This all leads back to normalizing men having and expressing emotion and not feeling so closed off when it comes to their mental health.
This consists of useful information containing symptoms and signs of depression specifically in males. Some signs are the same as women such as feeling sad, hopeless or empty, feeling extremely tired, having difficulty sleeping or sleep too much, and not get pleasure from activities usually enjoyed. However, men cope way differently. These are some behaviors that can be seen as signs of depression: Escapist behavior, such as spending a lot of time at work or on sports, physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive problems and pain, problems with alcohol or drug use, controlling, violent or abusive behavior, irritability or inappropriate anger, and risky behavior, such as reckless driving. Male depression often goes undiagnosed. This can be a result of failure to recognize depression, it is not just being sad. There are other psychical symptoms men can experience. Another reason is downplaying signs and symptoms, thinking they can handle it on their own or the feelings will just blow over. Other reasons can be the reluctance to discuss symptoms and resistance of treatment. When it comes to suicide, men are more likely to use methods that cause death, they may act out of impulse, and show fewer warning signs. The end of the article offers help with suicide and bad thoughts and also discusses coping skills.
This link is filled with statistics with men and depression. According to a National Health Interview Survey, 9% of men reported having feelings of depression or anxiety. The suicide rate among American men is four times higher than women. Women are more likely to attempt suicide but men are more likely to succeed. 30.6% men have suffered from a period of depression in their lifetime, when measured by a “gender inclusive depression scale” that includes symptoms such as rage and risk-taking, according to a 2013 study in JAMA Psychiatry. This study didn’t find any significant differences between the rate of depression in men and women. There are several other statistics and shares giving more insight and numbers on men and depression.
Current State of Research Paper:
So far I feel as if I could take this a few directions, I am still unclear and I hope to gain clarity through feedback and further research. I believe our meeting was extremely useful. I felt as if I could be more open minded and speak on such a sensitive topic. I also felt more organized, like I had a sense of what I should have together. I was more confident in my hypothesis after helping me make useful changes to strengthen my points. I enjoyed our conversation and felt it was very beneficial. I would like to keep an open mind about my topic and continue research and finding new information, asking new questions.
There’s a fat link to a PDF taking up all this white space.
Raman, Praveena. “HOLISTIC APPROACH ON DENTISTRY POST COVID-19- CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF LITERATURE.” Www.ijras Zmr.com, 2020.
Covid 19 is a new disease and it’s still not understood completly. Dentists have to be extra careful with covid because of how the virus is spread. Being less than 1 meter away. Combined with the fact that there is a small room with saliva droplets as a factor to spread the virus too which puts them at risk. The doctor states the virus dropplets are like a fired gun so the droplets can go pretty far and it could get you sick if you’re not wearing the proctective covering.So these Dennis basically confirm that wearing a mask in very close in proximity Would protect them from the potential small droplets versus no mask.
adaptive immunity.In some cases being exposed to a virus at low doses over time will eventually make you be able to fight the virus The Host which is humans usually getting their immune systems attacked and having their body fight it off. Covid which is a new virus which our bodies have not had any exposure to is why we are getting it so bad and not really sure how to fight it off yet. It states that a compromised immune system will limit your body’s ability to fight back which is actually happening in the case of covet with people that suffer some type of pre-existing condition have way worse than people that are completely healthy.
In this article it’s talking about how serious the spread of microorganisms is and how if it’s not contained properly it could lead to the deaths of so many. it should be taken as a serious threat almost as like a terroristic threat because it could really wipe out that many lives. The big issue here is containing the virus and how to stop the spread of it. Mask could help stop the spread But this virus could already be too late for that and it already spread out the country and across the world so maybe the best option would be just to handle it as is be careful as possible.
Not enough is known about the virus to fully confirm or deny if wearing masks will save that many lives but Hospital workers in the past have had to wear these masks all day and they seem to have no ramification but we still don’t know how the average citizen will react wearing these Mask all day long. Since the virus just started this year we still don’t know everything we need to know but scientists are learning more and more each day about this virus. In this article they’re stating that wearing mask is like effective but they don’t really know the damn side yet because no nothing like this really ever happen to this extent in our generation. Scientist can only know so much cuz something like this never happened so while they suggest to wear the mask they will not confirm that it’s completely safe.
In the US we have an optional masks we’re outside in other countries it’s mandated at all times and we will not see the consequences of the policies of the covid-19 pandemic 2 years in the future and those consequences could be very very heavy especially those who don’t have mandatory masks requirements because because not having that would lead to insignificant compliance by the citizens and would be perceived way different than if it there was a mandatory policy stating that mass required at all times to stop the transmission of this Airborne virus.
Topics for a smaller paper
Definition / classification argument
I would like to look into how long experts suggest this virus May linger around and continue affecting the world’s population and how soon we can expect a vaccine / cure for this virus As we learn more and more we will be able to see what age groups and which particular people are most likely to be harmed by this virus an estate of will continue to change up until the papers do because scientists are finding more and more about the virus each day.
Cause and effect
I would say the cause would be wearing the mask in the effect would your immunity being affected in the long run and having complications down the line by wearing this mask now.We could really see if wearing this mask could really compromised our ability to fight off future viruses and even being able to fight off this current virus if we do contracted since we are wearing a mask All the time in our body isn’t used to it it just used to fighting off infections.
Rebuttal argument
A rebuttal to my hypothesis would be that’s wearing Mass would save many lives and have no side effects coming in the future while saving hundreds of thousands of lives some extracts even predict that I could save up to 200,000 lives when the second wave hits America this winter first not wearing masks at all.I would like to see if social distancing has a major factor in that or is it really just a mask.
State of research paper
I have found some starter sources and will continue to add to them. I feel like I have strong topic to write about.I feel like I can read a lot about this topic because this is an interesting topic and a very pressing issue in the world today. There’s not a lot of sources about this because is an original idea and we discussed it in our meeting But I still should be able to get a huge chunk of information and find out huge amount about the virus From the covid-19 sources I’ve gotten so far it looks like wearing a mask is actually very helpful in spreading the virus but I have yet to find if there’s any long-term effects But we’ll keep looking and trying try and find out what the answer to my questions.
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Mask up
Mask up
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A mandatory Mass program in the United States would have a positive effect on saving human lives while doing great things for the economy. It would prevent another massive shutdown locally and federally. Americans’ health should be the primary goal in this war against the virus.
America First
The economy is a major or the major issue for many americas. Many americas like myself like to put the economy before anything since we believe it is the backbone of the country. In an article published from Ohio economics, suggesting having a mask mandate would help the economy, since it would cause less uncertainty. It makes sense because having another shutdown which would lead to massive closure again. The hardest hit by the first shutdown was the middle and lower class. They can’t afford another shut down and could not only leave some families hungry but some potentially without a house. Wearing a mask could prevent this. On top of that they are very relaltic for every american to wear since the price of them is very affordable. A government economics KIP VISCUSI has said “One human life is worth about US $10 million.’’ Having a mask only saving a few lives with this would not only save families trauma but be extremely beneficial for the economy outlook. Having a mandate would help prevent another shut down . “In a survey published by Scioto Analysis this morning, 38 out of 40 Ohio economists said that the economic benefits of mask mandates outweighed the economic costs.” This makes sense because having this policy would reduce the odds of another government shutdown and keep everything open. While masks might be uncomfortable and look funny it could potentially save the US economy.
Americans need to look at the Coronavirus as our world war and we need everyone’s help to win. In world war 2, some of the women needed to go to work since men were sent off to fight. Everyone contributed to the fight and american won. While we aren’t fighting a war like that, we are fighting a microbe war in which America needs everyone again. A Goldman Sachs study estimated that a nationwide mask mandate would save America $1 trillion, or 5% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product.1 trillion dollars at stake, Americans need to look back and at least listen to the experts that could be saved. When you break it down person by person it would approximately save the average american $3,000 per person if the mask mandate was followed. The amount of money the government gave out was in the trillions already; they can’t afford to lose more money because at the end of the day the people will end up paying for it.
If a mask policy was put into place it could potentially save more than 100,000 lives by this February alone. According to Dr. George Hansen article Together we Can Make a Huge Difference”research is clear: individuals with COVID-19 can be symptom free for up to five days, not realize they are carrying the virus and spread it to others more at risk than themselves. These infected people are the biggest problem since they don’t know they even know they carry it . We don’t have a cure or a vaccine against this virus so we don’t know how different people will react if they become infected. The states that had a strict mask mandate where the numbers have started to go down which proved that masked mandates worked. The numbers are already high and could get even higher if a mask mandate isn’t regulated.
Preventing sucide is a major concern with the direct link by the virus but the economic side as well. Oxford researchers “compared suicide data from before 2007 with the years of the crisis and found more than 10,000 “economic suicides” associated with the recession across the U.S., Canada and Europe”Melanie Haiken . If the country shuts down again, a 2.0 of this event could be an unfortunate side effect of the lock down. People can get really stressed out when it comes to their financial futures. Having another lockdown would mean job loss would sky rocket again. “The soaring unemployment rate and stock market losses caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, combined with millions of people quarantining at home alone creates the “perfect storm” for an increased risk of suicide for many people, according to the JAMA article.”As the cases continue to rise across our country again during this fall season and into the dreaded flu season, there is a significant fear the suicide rate will definitely up if the shutdown occurs again. This needs to be stressed since something on this scale has happened before and we felt the effects. Mental health is a big issue in this country , “I wish we could take social distancing out of our dictionary. Because we are social beings. We can’t socially distance. We are social beings. We can physically distance. Which I like better,” said Steen in an article. These lives are not directly affected by covid-19, but would be saved if wearing a mask was common people could get back to their social connections and not be worried about their next paycheck. Cases are on the rise in the US , we need to find a solution before it’s too late and we can’t go back.
We need to consider this as our best option at the current moment .We don’t have many options and this one seems like it could have a lot of positives and few drawbacks. When you look at the economic benefits of wearing a mask versus not wearing a mask compounded with the countless Lives that won’t become infected it seems like it’s at least worth a shot.
This is why a Mask program in the United States would be extremely beneficial for not only the health of the citizens but for the economy. Having massive human life lost would have a direct correlation with the economy. Not only would it prevent a massive shut down again it would prevent another stock market crash. Covid is a major uncertainty which is ideal for the market. If we wanna prevent another massive shutdown in our local and national government we need to seriously consider a mask mandate. Having such a mandate looks to be the only solution that keeps everyone healthy and business open.
Wearing mask has no potential affect on our future immune system and could potentially save you or someone you care about.By not wearing a mask it’s affecting people’s lives over 200,000 people in America have already died from covid-19.It can also end up saving the American economy which some Economist predict will save up to 1 trillion dollars by preventing the next big shut down.
While wearing a mask could give Americans a false sense of security it is the only way to continue living with this pandemic. This system is far from perfect but having it in place will help keep things going. A claim that wearing a mask gives you a false sense of security is a big one.While yes you can still be infected by the virus while wearing a mask the odds are extremely low and combining it with the other recommendations is our best way. According to Dr Lisa Lockerd Maragakis “Wearing a face mask in public helps prevent the spread of COVID-19 — but only if worn properly, covering both your nose and mouth.” In the case where people don’t do this it defeats the purpose of wearing the mask in the first place and won’t prevent the spread and wont prevent you from getting sick. As a country we need to fight this together or we will end up wasting years of our lives because we don’t. If we viewed this as a World War and got everyone on board with containing this virus we would have a chance to go back to normal without a vaccine out for the masses.
Another counter to that would be Americans would get sick from these masks if they keep wearing them without washing them or getting a new mask putting more lives at risk. Obviously Putting a dirty mask on could potentially spread the virus. Considering this is a concern for some it is understandable to be the solution is simple. A NEW MASK. “To avoid contamination (which can happen if you touch it, set it down or just if you’re out and about), throw your cloth mask in the washing machine at the end of each day or after each use, says Dr. Burgess. Since we are in a pandemic people need to be more cautious of others since this has the power to shut down our country. So it’s not giving a false sense of security it more or so using common sense you wouldn’t want a dirty mask on your face in the first place. Being more clean at the end of the day will help Americans as a whole to prevent other sickness. Being extra careful will never hurt anyone and if anything we will prepared.
Someone who wore the mask at all times would be California’s assemblymember Miss Autumn Burke; she believes she got the covid-19 virus while wearing her mask indoors at a meeting where social distancing wasn’t practiced. cases like these will still pop-up even though they wore their mask but that’s how contagious this virus actually is. “While masks are effective, they are not 100% foolproof,” says Dr. Burgess. Maintaining a distance of at least six feet between yourself and others adds an extra layer of protection”. On top of preaching how important mask our hand washing and social distancing should even be practiced better since they are both important to containing the virus. Important now we should be stressing and washing, which is efficient against the virus. Nothing is going to be truly 100 percent against this virus. We just have to do our best everyday to end it so we can get back to normal life. Mask cant and wont be 100 percent effective but if they save 1 life it shouldn’t be a question.
Wearing a mask also won’t weaken your immune system. So people’s first instincts were they didn’t want to wear it to repress their immune system which isn’t the case. A healthy immune system is very important against fighting off any virus and when covid 19 first came out a rumor that was out there was that wearing a mask could repress your immune system. This claim is false and is looked down on in the medical community. The immune system is the body’s natural defense system. The immune system works and its function as a whole, which is crucial in preventing infection or disease which Covid is. Dr Sullivan said in the article Can face masks lower oxygen levels or weaken the immune system? Here’s what health experts say “I can pretty much guarantee to you that wearing a mask intermittently throughout the day or even all day long is not going to weaken your immune system.” Wearing a mask won’t affect your health in any way actually. Even your breathing which some people brought up as a cause of concern is really non existent. Facemask may be uncomfortable and may be a bother to wear but they aren’t meant for style here meant to protect you. Some facebook articles have flooded the internet where some guy passed out because he was wearing a face mask. It came out to be false but it was spread to thousands of people. It doesn’t affect your breathing to the point where Co2 levels rise or you can pass out. It’s going to be harder to breathe, yes but it’s because there is a piece of cloth covering your face.
A Mask mandation might sound a little harsh at first but in the end it will end up preventing thousands if not tens of thousands of deaths this year alone in the United States. We need to sense up an act on it before it’s too late And not let unexpected Americans die.
Deffention argument
A mandatory Mass program in the United States would have a positive effect on saving human lives while doing great things for the economy. This idea to be true because the less human life lost the more the faster the economy would be able to open back up since businesses would be able to run since the wide spread of covid-19 wouldn’t occur so fast. It would also help prevent another massive shutdown of the local and Country by wearing such a cheap product over the face. Keeping Americans healthy should be the primary goal in defeating the virus.
Covid-19 lockdowns happened in early March in some areas of the United States. Everything was shut down, schools , businesses and restaurants we’re all closed down and students were sent home.We started hearing the terms social distancing and even heard the mention of masks which wasn’t a common part of american life. While the first lockdown has concluded and another one on the horizon could be like if we can help stop the spread of the Coronavirus. That’s why Mask-wearing is ultra important. When the mask covers both your nose and mouth it will help prevent others from getting sick even if you have the virus. It will also help protect yourself against people who do have the virus. Having everyone in the community wear a mask will help prevent a loophole in which the Coronavirus could re enter our communities again. This is a protective measure that we can afford to have. It will limit the potential spread and potentially save a family member of yours. While mask alone won’t end the pandemic but offer a valuable barrier along with pairing it along with socially distancing and hand washing. Combining all 3 would have significant benefits which could help prevent another shutdown and cause the economy to crash which would put many people out of work. According to one doctor study “Considering a fixed transmission rate, 80% adoption of 20%, 50%, and 80% effective masks reduces cumulative relative (absolute) mortality by 1.8%”. This means if 80% of American wore masks and on average the people that died would be almost 2%. When you break the numbers down it comes to roughly 4000 americas. America needs to listen to the doctors and health experts since they are recommending we wear the masks. Is it our best intention to start wearing them so we can get back to normal? Since doctors have concluded that wearing a mask has no downside and could possible prevent a nationwide shutdown combining with the fact it would allow us to go back to normal faster it seems like a no brainer
In march everything was shut down and it almost seemed like the world was almost ending. There were copious amounts of people lining up to get food with limits on the amount of meat each family could get. Having another outbreak like that would cause tons of problems with the american healthcare system but also another there wallets. The second wave of shutdowns is approaching upon us so restaurants, gyms, schools and other businesses shut down for the second time. This would not only hurt families but devastated business owners a second time. The US economy usually hinges on what top politicians say such as the president or higher ranking senators. What they say to the media has an immediate impact on the stock market. Which could be beneficial but also could work against it as well . In times of crisis like for example a pandemic, experts in healthcare stepin. Scientists and healthcare workers will always side of caution which leads to politicians being put under more pressure. Laws will go up preventing people from going out and followed by the business closing , followed by the stock market taking a beating. When the financial crisis hit in 2007 One estimate had been taken and 10000 lives were lost because of it. This could be a potential 2.0 if another shutdown would be in sight. People need to work to support their families there’s no other way around it and if we want to prevent long-term suffering we need to be able to keep people working to their best of their abilities during this pandemic. Experts suggest “a real risk of a vicious downward spiral of illness and impoverishment.” If we don’t get this virus under control. We need to do everything possible not to let that happen and right now having to require a mask looks like our best option according to our nation’s doctors and many Health experts. Their priorities lie with the people’s mass safety. life may not go back to normal as soon as we would like to or in many cases need it to. We need to do our part to help end this pandemic.
The split between Republican and Democrat has gone further and further which has ended up putting the common american at a disadvantage.News is not reliable anymore and sometimes run with the same story by spinning it in two ways. Republican senators were uneasy about the virus credibility and have often claimed it’s been over exaggerated and even were preaching against masks. That was until the president and members of his team ended up getting covid and had to be airlifted to the hospital. How we can go from its fake to preaching no mask to the president being in the hospital. People feel like they’re being lied to or have been betrayed by the media in the past and now refuse to listen to them because of that. Health officials have been stressing how important it’s been to wear masks but many people don’t regard them since they believe it’s fake or isn’t as serious as some made it out to be by their own president. Having this disconnect is putting lives at risk with communication errors in a time where commuinicqtion has never flown so fast. We need to start looking at covid like a war instead of a battle. This will not be gone in a few weeks ,It’s a war, it will be won or lost in the lab with doctors and other lead Health experts leading thew charge . However, this will happen only if scientists and healthcare workers are heard by the people and not belittled . We need to keep doing everything we have been recommended.
Scientists and health experts have stated wearing a mask has no downside and when it increases your chances of getting sick in any way. Even though there isn’t enough data to prove the point in small settings it has at least shown some effectiveness to prevent spread of covid-19 and to that we can’t argue. while they may be annoying it could save someone’s life and help the economy not shut down again which everyone can agree on.
Background: This article digs deep into mask effectiveness. It talks about how effective a particular brand of mask protects the human body from getting affected by the virus. I claim how masks reduce the odds of getting the virus.
How I used it: This article backed up my view point on the mask vs no masked issue. I used a few numbers and stats to back up my statements. They had tons of support to back up all their statements. This article helps me break down how effective masks are based on equations.
Leung, C. C. “Mask Wearing to Complement Social Distancing and Save …” The Union, 2020, theunion.org/news-centre/news/body/IJTLD-June-0244-Leung-FINAL.pdf.
Background- This is doctors from the east expressing how and what their countries will do if a mask mandate isn’t listened to. They explained how important it is to wear a mask. They explained how a lockdown would follow in these countries unlike the more western countries.
What I used it for- I used it for evidence to make my mask argument stronger. They expressed how if it wasn’t followed in these countries how a ban was going to be taken place so it would help me set my tone in my research paper.
Background: This article shares some light on past viruses and brings in what followed them. They used the financial crisis and used examples of how the economy did bad in the past when something like this happened. They predict how the next one will hit us after this is all over.
What I used it for- I used it to help predict what would happen with the economy. It was my first tsource when I began thinking of the economical impact and how much deeper than just mask no mask. It gave me reasons why the economy was so important to protect
Back ground- This article was about the stress a time of need can put on a family. This article was about the great recession and how many lives were affected due to suiside because of money loss.
How I used it- I used it to basically use their data and compared them to times now and how they’re going to get affected if we do nothing to stop the spread of the virus. I used this as basically a reason to wear the mask as an economic reason vs even a public health reason. Combining that with the fact people are seeing people less and alone more often is not a good combination.
Background- This is diving into the projected stats of covid 19. It expresses what expected feel will happen if the shut down extends or gets more severe.If the lockdown continues what widespread damage might be and how we can prevent it will put a stop to it before it’s too late.
What I used it for- I used this article for observation purposes. I needed to say another group of scientists agreed with my point about suicide rates going up during the pandemic if shutdowns would occur again.This helps me make my mass first No Mess argument lot easier since a lot more lives could be lost then just threw the pandemic itself.
Background- in this article they talk about why masks are so important and how many lives could potentially be saved if a mask mandate was put in place vs. not put into place. to go into specific numbers and ended up convincing me to pick their medical opinion.It also gives tips for people to keep himself safe especially with mask safety
How I used it-I use this article to support my point and how important Masl mandate would be, it shows the rate of transmission for people who don’t wear masks versus who do and now he’s has a mass affected if one person that or the other had a mask.
`Back ground- This article expresses how serious the pandemic is and how even wearing Mask has some risk. It goes into how some studies they have done wearing a mask doesn’t always prevent the virus because sometimes you are getting closer to the other American since they have a false sense of security and being safe.
How I used it- I basically use this as my claim to come out against because of how wishy-washy his argument. I attacked most of his points And my rebuttal argument gave me a strong sense that’s where the other side was coming from. I feel like even though I read this article leaving a bag with just benefit me more.
Background-This guy is looking at the full picture and even weighing the cost of having a mass mandate and what potential problems could be if this was put in place. The problem he finds his people would be using dirty masks and social distancing would be forgotten and people would go closer than they were before.
My use- Since I know what potential arguments against me are I can make my argument stronger. Once I found out why some people were against the mask it could help me change their mind and come to my side.
Eikenberry, Steffen E. “To Mask or Not to Mask: Modeling the Potential for Face …” Sciencedirect, 2020, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32355904/.
Background-I used this article to research if mask-wearing what’s causing people with breathing issues any harm. we found out the breathing was yes a little harder but that was the point considering there’s a piece of cloth in front of your face.
How I used it- I use this as a reason you should wear fast since it doesn’t affect your breathing and doesn’t potentially cause any harm to the person wearing it. it may make it harder to breathe but it won’t hurt you in any way wearing it for periods of time.She brings up statistics saying that oxygen levels don’t drop by any large number so there’s nothing to worry about.
Background- This article looks at different ways to help slow down the covid-19 virus. it shows how this virus is not going to be taken down with only one precaution everything needs to be taken seriously. They Put in detail about how important hand-washing is to ending this virus
How I used it-In this article it suggests the best way of stopping at covid-19 virus is through washing your hands. I ended up countering this article in a way , since in mine I was backing the mask, as they don’t feel it is important as I do.
Background- This article correctly shows all the proper procedures to put on a face mask. They show you all the incorrect things that many people do when putting on a face mask in what the right things are to do so you can prevent covid-19 from getting you sick.
What I used to for- I used this article to understand the flaws of the mask program to see if anyone was getting sick from wearing the mask.we concluded then getting a mask is relatively cheap and regularly accessible in a country like America where everyone can wear a fresh mask. What’s the transmission rate drops.
Parsons, Jonathan. “Do Masks Cause Lower Oxygen Levels?” Ohio State Medical Center, 4 Aug. 2020, wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/masks-oxygen-levels.
Background-This is discussing whether a mask can lower oxygen levels, the words just a rumor going around. It starts off by saying scientifically that it doesn’t cost lower oxygen levels then goes into saying Mental effects could change the effectiveness of the original estimate.
What I used it for-I used this article To see if mask-wearing was really safe as some experts originally said. This brings up more the mental side of saying how some people with mental issues are affected with masks. they come out and say they actually don’t lower oxygen levels or boost CO2 levels so they are safe to wear
Self driving cars will reduce the jobs of taxi drivers
self driving cars will cause less gas to be used therefore less money the economy makes
Everyone’s cars will be driven by robots and no humans will have to drive a car again.
Working hypothesis : When self-driving cars are outfitted with software that determines how they’ll react to imminent crashes, owners will want—and eventually will be permitted to elect—different levels of self-preservation
Sources/ purposeful summaries:
How Do self driving cars work?
Robertson, B. (2017). Science 101: Q: How Do Self-Driving Cars Work? Science and Children, 54(9), 72-75. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26387175
Self-driving cars programmed to decide who dies in a crash
Who doesn’t want a self driving car? That is the question most people ask, but many don’t dig deeper into some questions that don’t quite have strong answers for. In this article you are faced with the tough questions of “As you approach a rise in the road, heading south, a school bus appears, driving north, one driven by a human, and it veers sharply toward you. There is no time to stop safely, and no time for you to take control of the car”. What would you do?. In any type of car crash you would want the least amount of injury to anyone involved but would you allow the car to make the decision that would maybe kill you because that decision could save the lives of more people?
Self driving cars use algorithms called DNN’s ( deep neural networking). This algorithm allows for the self driving car to drive in real time. Rather than having codes put in manually like “ Stop for red light” the car will be able to see it in real time and react accordingly. These algorithms think like the human brain and will be able to make decisions just like we do every single day. There is not just one algorithm, these self driving cars use many different ones that help see driving patterns, intersections and many more things to help the car drive itself.
Elon Musk promises an Autopilot ‘quantum leap’ in the next few weeks.
Elon Musk is the pioneer in self driving cars and he is evolving his company every single day. In this article written a little over a month ago Musk stated that he doesn’t have much left to figure out about his car’s problems to get it to “level 5”. Level 5 means that there is no human interaction between the car and the human in the car. Musk needs to figure what he says are small problems and he does not see a challenge in figuring them out. Musk is making a huge step in the self driving car and he says it will be released very soon.
Who is really at fault when the self driving car kills or hits someone? Is it the driver of the car? Is it the car manufacturer? Is it the people who designed the technology for the car? These are all very good questions because the person in the car was not driving so how could it be their fault. This article goes over an incident where a self driving uber test car struck and killed a pedestrian crossing the street. There was a backup driver in the car to step in if something went wrong, but that didn’t happen. A woman stepped in the street not near a crosswalk late at night and the back up driver did not see the woman and the car struck her and killed her. It was deemed that both humans were not responsible so the liability was on the manufacturer and the technology team. The backup driver could not go from being unaware to take the wheel in a last second moment. So how will self driving cars be responsible for accidents in the future? We will have to see if new laws are passed when self driving cars become more relevant.
How Google’s self-driving cars detect and avoid obstacles
Google uses many types of technology in their self driving cars. When coming up with the technology for self driving cars there is more to it then having the car just stay in its lane and detecting cars around, it has to be able to avoid obstacles. Google uses cameras, radar and lasers to help with the self driving cars. Googles man technology on their car is called LIDAR, this is a giant sensor on top of the car that is able to detect things up to 100 meters away. Google is far from releasing their car but they are taking great strides in their attempt to go fully self driving.
I would say I am doing good in my current research, I am finding very valuable resources that are helping me in my research. I am very happy where I am right now and I can’t wait to dive deeper into my hypothesis. I may in the future tweak my hypothesis but for right now I am happy.
Constructing dedicated roadways for different classes of vehicles would greatly decrease the fatality rate of accidents by keeping both vehicles in the accident relatively the same size.
Thomas, P., & Frampton, R. (1999). Large and Small Cars in Real-World Crashes -Patterns of Use, Collision Types and Injury Outcomes. Annual Proceedings / Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 43, 101–118.
From the many analyses of real world crash data, there is an obvious connection that can be made between the fatality rate of a motor vehicle accident and the size of the vehicles involved in said accident. According to Pete Thomas and Richard Frampton in their article, Large and Small Cars in Real-World Crashes, based on US data, it was found that there is a twofold increase in the fatality risk from a car crash when a car’s mass was reduced from 1600kg to 900kg. A similar study conducted in Sweden supports this finding. The Swedish study found that drivers of 800kg vehicles were twice as likely to be injured as drivers of 1400kg vehicles. From all of the studies conducted on this topic, we can see that there are multiple other factors that play a part in the fatality rate of a car crash. But, throughout all these studies, it remains consistent that the mass of a car is a key factor that determines the injury outcome of an accident.
Baker, B., Nolan, J., O’Neill, B., & Genetos, A. (2007, May 22). Crash compatibility between cars and light trucks: Benefits of lowering front-end energy-absorbing structure in SUVs and pickups. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
During a head on collision, vehicles are designed to absorb the energy from the crash by allowing the energy-absorbing structures in the front of the car to deform and crush. This system of energy-absorbing structures is not effective in all cases though. Bryan Baker points that out when he claims “In collisions between cars and light trucks (i.e., pickups and SUVs), however, the capacity of energy-absorption structures may not be fully utilized because mismatches often exist between the heights of these structures in the colliding vehicles.” He makes this claim in his article, “Crash compatibility between cars and light trucks: Benefits of lowering front-end energy-absorbing structure in SUVs and pickups.” This helps show how different sized vehicles do not match well in car accidents which leads to greater fatality rates.
Kahane, C. (1997, January 1). Relationship Between Vehicle Size and Fatality Risk in Model Year 1985-93 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks [PDF]. United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
In the report written by C.J. Kahane, titled “Relationship Between Vehicle Size and Fatality Risk in Model Year 1985-93 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks”, Kahane states that there are various intuitive reasons why heavier vehicles can be automatically expected to have different fatality risk than other vehicles. Among the factors that have a direct relationship to the weight/size of the vehicle, the most well known is that heavier vehicles have greater momentum. This means that when a big vehicle and a small vehicle collide while traveling at the same speed, the bigger one keeps moving forwards, crushing the front of the smaller one further, causing serious harm to the smaller vehicle and it’s passengers.
O. Pinkus, D., A. Bandivadekar, K., M.. Goede, M., J. Allison, M., G. Leyson, W., P. Krajewski, L., . . . A. Saeed-Akbari, L. (1970, January 01). Reducing Vehicle Weight and Improving U.S. Energy Efficiency Using Integrated Computational Materials Engineering. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
This article titled “Reducing Vehicle Weight and Improving U.S. Energy Efficiency Using Integrated Computational Materials Engineering”, by William Joost, provides information that helps support my thesis of forcing all cars to be of equal size. The idea of forcing all cars to be the same size brings up many questions but one in particular is how big will the forced car size be? Many people would agree that forcing all cars to be big would be the better choice as my other sources pointed out that bigger cars are generally safer. The more environmentally conscious people would point out the fact that bigger cars are less efficient than smaller cars therefore making all cars bigger would increase the amount of CO2 emissions which would not slide with the current state of the environment. That’s where this article comes into play, it talks about how cars can be kept small but still as resilient in a crash as larger ones. By using AHSS, advanced high strength steels, cars can be significantly more crash resistant while maintaining lighter weights than larger cars like trucks or SUVs.
Karim, M., Ibrahim, N., Saifizul, A., & Yamanaka, H. (2013, July 04). Effectiveness of vehicle weight enforcement in a developing country using weigh-in-motion sorting system considering vehicle by-pass and enforcement capability. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
Enforcing the size of all vehicles would be an arduous task, but a good place to start is by looking at previous cases in history of some form of vehicle size enforcement. One such case is of vehicle weight enforcement in Malaysia. Greater vehicle weight, as stated in the previous summaries, is one of the main aspects of a vehicle’s size that contributes to higher fatality rates. In Malaysia, vehicle overloading was a big issue so a system was put in place to enforce vehicle weights. This system was called the WIM system and used in pavement sensors to determine vehicle weights and notify authorities when vehicles were overweight. The system proved effective in helping to reduce overloading which goes to show that enforcing vehicle weights can be possible.
Bae, H., Lim, J., & Park, K. (n.d.). VEHICLE COMPATIBILITY IN CAR -TO-CAR FRONTAL OFFSET CRASH [PDF]. Korea: Hyundai Motor Company.
This article showcases a series of full scale car-to-car collision tests conducted by Hyundai Motor Company in order to show the crash compatibility of different vehicles. The article discusses some of the factors of vehicle compatibility as well as all of the actual data from the crash tests. The article also uses data from FARS, Fatality Analysis Reporting System, to show the actual death ratios of collisions between different vehicle types and normal cars.
Forkenbrock, D. J., & March, J. (2005, September). Issues in The Financing of Truck-Only Lanes.
This article is about the issues in implementing truck-only lanes and more specifically, as the title implies, it is about the issues in financing truck-only lanes. Truck only lanes would benefit all drivers as they clear up traffic on highways and make it safer for all other drivers. But the cost of a truck-only lane currently outweighs their benefit in the long run, at $10 million per mile of road. That isn’t even including other costs such as land acquisition.
Current State of the Research Paper
After doing research on my original Working Hypothesis 1, Constructing dedicated roadways for different classes of vehicles would greatly decrease the fatality rate of accidents by keeping both vehicles in the accident relatively the same size, I found that my hypothesis was a little to outlandish and couldn’t find many related articles. When digging through the limited sources that I did find, I found that the articles provided information for a much easier, but still not widely discussed, hypothesis. That is how I came to my Working Hypothesis 2: Forcing all vehicles on the road to be of equal size would greatly decrease the fatality rate of accidents by keeping both vehicles in the accident relatively the same size. I now feel much more confident in researching and formulating a solid thesis from this new hypothesis.
All high schools should adopt career focused style learning to benefit students much more than modern education.
Sources
“Burnout and Serious Thoughts of Dropping Out of Medical School: A Multi-Institutional Study”
A study was taken to figure out the consensus between the students of 7 different medical schools on their thoughts about dropping out of medical school. The students were asked about the topics of burnout, depression, and thoughts of dropping out. Of the first 5 schools 858 (65%) students and the last 2 schools, 2248 (52%) students provided answers for the data to be conducted. Of 2222 respondents, 243 (11%) students gave results that they had serious thoughts of dropping out of medical school. A good portion of the reason why these students had these thoughts was burnout, with other reasons following behind such as depression, personal reasons, etc.
In Career Education Now the author, Sidney P. Marland Jr, tells us about their plan on the reform of the education received by students and what needs to be implemented and changed. They are concerned about the way children are being taught nowadays and truly think that educators when asked, “What are we educating our children for?”, give a discerning reply. They do not truly know. The term vocational education should be done away with, and replaced with career education, where all students at some point in their school career can be engaged in for experience in the field of work they desire. There is a distinct difference in general knowledge than useful knowledge, and the items that children are being taught today in non-vocational areas, tends to lean more towards just general knowledge. The education our children are receiving is not useful knowledge. The author therefore proposes the goal, that for all students by grade 12 to be ready to enter higher education or the working world.
“High School Career Academies: A 40-Year Proven Model for Improving College and Career Readiness”
“In analyzing various high school reform efforts that have been employed nationwide, the career academy model has emerged as a strategy that works to improve student outcomes.” These career courses have been around for 40 years and continue to thrive as they have two objectives: career and college preparation. The courses are not just for education and learning about careers or preparing for college but also, in some schools, give a full in depth look into the work that will be done with hands on experience and the development of skills beyond that of just education. The results show as well. A study by an independent research organization, the MDRC, showed that students who take part in one of these career academies have a greater chance to complete the required credits for high school.
“College knowledge: A critical component of college and career readiness”
According to the reading, approximately 7200 students drop out of US schools each day, making up a total of 1.3 million students annually who fail to graduate high school in four years. It has been reported that the main reasons these students are dropping out is because they are disinterested in the courses given to them or they felt that these courses were not relevant to the world beyond high school. As well the students going into college tend to be uninformed on the process as a whole. Many students don’t receive counseling on courses that interest them which typically leads to another confusing few years. Now there are programs created to help with this issue that are supporting the students path to college and future. Programs are provided to give early college exposure for the students before they get to college so they know what they will be facing in the coming years. There are other programs where students get the complete feel for the college experience called “Early college high schools” where students attend school on a college campus and use the facilities and take higher level courses all while still being in high school.
“Blending high school and college can sharpen the focus of each”
Early college is a way to get a first glimpse into the higher education world as a student who is still enrolled in K-12. Early college students gain multiple advantages over their normal high school going counterparts such as academic acceleration, building a college-going identity, easing the second-postsecondary transition, etc. Many schools across the country are transitioning to this format of early college as it holds many forms of ways for students to get ahead of the game earlier than others. Some schools have college professors teach these dual enrollment courses as if the students are actually in a college environment, and some put their own high school teachers to the task with a different format of the courses to represent a higher education style course. These courses are to portray higher education so for them to do that they need to uphold quality with three things, faculty, curriculum, and support. These high school teachers who are teaching dual-enrollment must have the same qualifications as other college faculty. The curriculum must follow the college campus, use the same assessments, and follow the same grading policy. The support must have resources available to the students for tutoring and college counseling so the students do not get left behind.
Everything relating to my hypothesis and research has been going relatively fine for now. Possibly in the future I may want to change my hypothesis to incorporate career exposure in high school as a whole, but for now everything is working fine for me and I am interested to read more about the topic.
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