Research – mrmba1

Posted on April 26, 2021 by mrmba1

Healthy Drumming, Healthy Life

Many people consider the drumming lifestyle to be one of rebellion and impulsive life choices. Drummers of any band have a bad reputation of being the crazy, risk taking animal that the Muppets have declared them to be. However drummers seem to know something that most others don’t: the key to a healthy elongated existence. Drumming can have benefits equal to that of extreme sports, while simultaneously refining the mind, body, and spirit. With people like Charlie Watts from the Rolling Stones still drumming at the lively age of 79, and an orchestral drummer by the name of Viola Smith living and rocking out until her passing at the age of 107, there must be something that non drummers are simply missing out on. Of all the ways to extend and increase the quality of one’s life, few would’ve guessed that drumming would help in doing just that. However, compared to other members of a band such as guitar players and vocalists, the drummer is the healthiest of all. Comparable to the likes of cycling and swimming, drumming is a great means of physical exercise. It is also a great mental workout when it comes to coordination, and a perfect social amplifier and medium when it comes to the community of performing music. Assisting in all aspects of health, drumming is a great choice to lead a healthy, long lasting life.

To first understand drumming’s physical benefits as a means of exercise, it’s important to look first at the benefits of exercising alone. Everyone understands that exercise is healthy and good for the body, but to understand more clearly, Frank J. Penedo goes into extreme detail in his study “Exercise and Well Being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity.” Through examining multiple subjects and data, Penedo concludes, along with Jason Dahn, that “physical inactivity doubles health risks,” and “such inactivity during middle age appears to shorten the lifespan.” It has a clear benefit and association with extended life expectancy and health. Exercise on its own is able to keep one’s body at peak performance, or at least in better shape than no activity. It can, as Penedo states, reduce risks for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and arthritis in later years, and these are merely the physical benefits associated with exercise.

Physical activity in later years also assists in preserving the mind and mental state of individuals. A lack of activity or exercise can cause slower reactions and response times as well as lead to decreased motor coordination. In a study performed by Marika Berchicci et al titled “Benefits of Physical Exercise on the Aging Brain,” it was found that physical exercise is particularly important from middle age onwards when it comes to this metal preservation aspect. Berchicci states that “in middle-aged and older individuals, moderate-to-high levels of physical exercise has beneficial effects on the planning and execution of a response.” It is clear that continued and consistent activity can result in prolonged mental alertness and proficiency in addition to preserving motor skills by activating the prefrontal cortex, as Berchicci has concluded. Now that the benefits of exercise have been explored, it’s easier to understand how physical activity, especially in those of older ages, can help to facilitate a healthier and in some cases elongated lifestyle. Now it is possible to look onto drumming and become aware of just how physically and mentally demanding it truly is.

Everyone knows that to be healthy, you must exercise regularly. So it would make sense that being healthy enough to live longer can be attributed to exercise or vigorous physical activity. Through a study performed by the University of Gloucestershire, De La Rue et al. conclude that drumming- specifically of the rock and pop genres- has been found to have the same physical demands as activities such as “running, cycling, ice and field hockey, and competitive volleyball.” The study took several drummers and gave them a specific beat to play while measuring their heart rates. They found that the peak heart rate of the drummers was around 186bpm, which qualifies drumming as a vigorous physical activity and therefore exercise. “The time spent engaged in vigorous activity is sufficient that there are likely to be long-term health benefits from prolonged participation,” and while the life span of drummers specifically has never been researched, it’s clear that this abundant amount of exercise is only helping their health. Exercise through drumming provides enough METs, which is a measurement of the amount of energy it requires to sit- otherwise known as a metabolic equivalent- to where these individuals that were studied “have a significantly reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases,” states De La Rue. From this study it’s clear as to what the physical benefits of drumming are, but physical health isn’t all that attributes to a long lasting life.

Emotional health is just as important, and being immersed in the musical experience of drumming has been proven to assist in this aspect as well. Of course it’s clear to everyone how drumming can be a form of anger management, however it is also a means of meditation. Drumming presents a way for people struggling emotionally to increase the quality of their mood as well as alleviate anxiety.  The act of drumming requires immense concentration, “which can prevent worrying,” and as Perkins, author of “Making Music for Better Health,” describes, it causes “deep breathing, which can counteract anxiety, social support which can reduce feelings of isolation, learning which keeps the mind active, and regular commitment that motivates people to remain active.” Perkins goes on to say that for mental health to flourish, it’s understood that five elements are required to do so; positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and a sense of accomplishment, and drumming- even the world of music as a whole- satisfies all aspects. The drumming community alone provides immense support and a sensation of belonging, and the act of creating music through rhythmic drumming is perfect training for the mind. This sense of belonging and meaning through creating music is ideal for those who feel as though they don’t have a place or purpose- emotions that can lead to and cause a variety of mental health issues as well as the possibility of taking one’s own life. Of course there’s not a direct correlation stating that drumming prevents suicide, however those who have outlets and a means of dealing with stress ultimately have more positive thoughts and healthier lives.

Mentally, the drums are heavily reliant on coordination and focus, which are a must have for drummers. This vast amount of cognitive refinement that accompanies drumming is perfect for people who suffer from anxiety, depression, ADD, you name it. Focusing and committing to the drums requires a great deal of concentration and commitment as well, which for many aides in alleviating these irritating and sometimes maddening mental disorders. According to Maria S. Kopp’s article, “Where Psychology Meets Physiology,” high amounts of stress as well as mental turmoil, such as a sense of hopelessness, affect the lifespan of those who suffer, even affecting cardiovascular health. With drumming helping to reduce this stress and help mentally, it can act as a medium in reaching an extended life. Patients suffering from depression and other disorders are often introduced to a drum circle, and following the circle according to Perkins, one patient said that “I would go away and I had them [rhythms] in my head… the sound we produced was amazing. I focus on a sort of driving, repetitive thing that I just liked,” which provided an escape. It allows the busy and crowded minds of these individuals to fixate on one task, a task that requires so much concentration that the negatives are drowned out- like meditation. 

To live a long healthy life, all aspects of health must reach a high level of adequacy- physical, mental, and emotional. Drumming, as a medium, assists in all of these aspects. Having an outlet and activity as mentally demanding as drumming assists in cognitive strength and mental health, and being a part of it’s community and having a sense of purpose through the instrument provides emotional support. The physical benefits are clear as well, comparable to several high intensive activities. Overall, drumming satisfies all necessary subcategories of health, and can lead to a longer, healthier life.

With all good things, there are ultimately negatives that accompany the positives, and drumming is no exception. Even though there may seem to be a clear abundance of great health benefits from the act of drumming, there are physical and mental attributes that may seem to outway the good. Social inhibitors of drumming can be seen mainly through famous drummers of the twentieth century, where the pressure has gotten to them. Physically, there are all kinds of injuries that can be caused from this activity, some of which are irreversible such as hearing damage. However with all these negatives, it must seem like a claim that drummers live longer healthier lives couldn’t possibly be true.

The physical results that come from drumming are the most obvious, as they are the ones that can typically be the most dangerous and threatening to the drummer’s well being and career. Hearing damage is almost heavily associated with drumming, and is the most obvious negative outcome from the activity. In addition to simply hearing loss, Dana Halevi-Katz describes in her article “Exposure to music and noise-induced hearing loss,” that the “most frequent hearing disorders that affect musicians are tinnitus, a sporadic, acute phenomenon of phantom noise… and hyperacusis, an increased auditory sensitivity to loudness.” However this irreversible impairment is easily avoidable as long as the drummer properly protects their ears. Overuse injuries of tendons and joints are almost as common, with injuries such as tendonitis and “tennis elbow,” or lateral epicondylitis seriously affecting the ability and health of the drummer. All drummers from professional to casual are required to hit hundreds if not thousands of notes constantly, and when those notes come from constant bombardment from a stick of wood hitting several types of surfaces, injuries are bound to occur. With all these notes, as explained by Alberto Selvaettis, a Sports Medicine physician, “a cumulative microtrauma can result, leading to the mechanical fatigue of a tendon, that becomes unable to withstand further stress.” While these injuries can be clear reasons to steer clear of drumming, with proper technique it is possible to avoid these injuries, and the positive physical attributes such as the vigorous exercise counteract this negative.

The art and act of drumming, while it does help to refine the mind, can also seem to lead to some seriously detrimental mental effects. Primarily seen in performing and professional drummers, the constant stress, pressure, and responsibility that comes with being the drummer can easily overwhelm anyone. Drummers have the responsibility to hold the band together and provide structure and stability to any song being played, which can be extremely stressful for those who don’t know how to handle it.  They must learn to be good leaders, as they are the heart of the band and can change the overall feel of any song just by changing the groove. As musicians that specialize in rhythm, there is constant pressure to attain rhythmic perfection, speed, and accuracy in everything that is played, and as Joachim Stoeber describes in her study, “Perfectionism in School Teachers,” “perfectionism has been associated with higher levels of stress and burnout.” Many drummers that stop playing drums quit for this exact reason. When their hobby is made into a career, many drummers feel a sense of burnout, which is also caused by this fear of not achieving rhythmic and musical perfection. Stoeber continues by explaining “it is not striving for perfection that is associated with burnout, but negative reactions to failure to achieve perfection,” and the pressure of not being perfect and not being good enough gets the better of them so it can become appealing to abandon the activity all together. Although overwhelming, these demands help force leadership skills and self discipline to be obtained, ultimately bettering them as individuals and making them stronger mentally.

The pursuit of rhythmic and musical perfection demands a lot of time and dedication, and those countless hours required can easily sweep drummers as well as other musicians away from having a healthy social life outside of music. For drummers looking to make it big or even just college drummers and musicians in general, these countless hours of practicing , when taken to the extremes, lead to social isolation to accommodate these demands. In Holt Lunstad’s study, “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality,” this isolation has been proven to host several “psychological, behavioral, and biological pathways by which social isolation and loneliness leads to poorer health and decreased longevity.” Stepping away from college level, the travel that is required for touring drummers and the performance times required for studio drummers can also lead to this feeling of isolation. Of course, this only takes place if drummers shut themselves down to focus on achieving perfection, but for most musicians this rarely occurs and the social benefits of being a part of the community overcome this isolation. For touring musicians, many are away from home for months at a time or even a year. This time away can, as described by Luke Britton in “Musicians on the dark side of touring,” can cause “a breakdown of personal relationships, with many musicians feeling alienated from loved ones back home.” Outside of the music world, it is difficult for drummers to balance their social life. Although for many drummers, the music world is their only world and they wouldn’t have it any other way. This social cut off also allows musicians to meet hundreds of other people, that all love the same thing that they do. There is nothing comparable to the sense of community that comes with being a musician, and when it comes to drumming specifically, it’s like a universal family.

Like most things, drumming has its potential risks and negatives. With the physical, mental, and social benefits comes another side of the coin. To some it may seem as though the physical risks and mental demands of drumming are not worth it, and for many this may be a clear sign to avoid drumming either professionally or casually. But in the end, the benefits far outweigh the negatives and through the activity it is possible to become the healthiest version of one’s self. All negatives, whether physical injuries, mental stress, or social hindrances are easily avoidable and if approached properly can result in refinement and growth.

References

Berchicci, Marika. “Benefits of Physical Exercise on the Aging Brain: The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex.” 2013. https://bit.ly/3vLcyyH

Britton, Luke Morgan. “Insomnia, Anxiety, Break-ups… Musicians on the dark side of touring.” The Guardian. 2015. https://bit.ly/3wGzYGy

De La Rue, S. E. “Energy Expenditure in Rock/ Pop Drumming.” 2013. https://bit.ly/39qRuVl 

Halevi-Katz, Dana N. “Exposure to music and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among professional pop/rock/jazz musicians.” 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918652/

Holt-Lunstad. “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta- Analytic Review.” 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352

Penedo, Frank J. “Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity.” 2005. https://bit.ly/2QUyQir

Kopp S., Maria. “Where psychology meets physiology: chronic stress and premature mortality.” 2003. https://bit.ly/3szmFp1

Perkins, Rosie. “Making music for mental health: how group drumming mediates recovery.” 2016. https://bit.ly/3sBRysO

Selvanetti, Alberto. “Overuse tendon injuries: Basic science and classification.” 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-1872(97)80031-7.

Stoeber, Joachim, and Dirk Rennert. 2008. “Perfectionism in School Teachers: Relations with Stress Appraisals, Coping Styles, and Burnout.” Anxiety, Stress & Coping 21 (1): 37–53. https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=27528905&site=ehost-live.


Vardonikolaki, Aikaterini. “Musicians’ Hearing Handicap Index: A New Questionnaire to Assess the Impact of Hearing Impairment in Musicians and Other Music Professionals.” 2020. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00165

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Research Paper-Justheretopass

Posted on April 26, 2021 by justheretopass

Online Learning Vs. Traditional Learning

Education can be very important to a person’s life. It can show or teach them new things that they never knew and help guide them in life. Traditional learning or most people would say in person learning was in full effect until the Coronavirus came about, killing 2.57 million people worldwide. This virus halted everything and everyone in their tracts. It eventually caused schools to move fully online in hopes of slowing the spread and transmission of the virus. Some students were most likely relieved to be away from the school building and atmosphere, but others were scared, anxious, confused, and worried about how this online school system was going to work and how they were going to learn. This virus was something that the world had never faced before and it took all of us by surprise and turned our entire lives upside. Classes in the 21-22 school year must be held in person or face to face even if that means losing some online learning advantages.  

There are many ways classes can be taught in school nowadays with technology being so advanced. The thing most people get confused with is the actual difference between online and in-person classes. Most schools now offer three types of classes, which include, remote, online, hybrid. Remote classes are like the normal class at which the students and teacher meet a specific time and day but are over zoom. Online classes do not meet and have interactions with the teacher or students in the class. Hybrid classes are a mix of both remote and online classes. Students will have live instructions some days but also be expected to complete assignments on their own at home. Even though students are meeting with a teacher online doesn’t mean that the class is not face to face, which is the confusion most people have with zoom. When stating that we need to get rid of online classes I am harping on strictly online classes where teachers don’t meet their students face to face. 

Most of the students in the 21st century have been programmed to wake up at a certain time Monday-Friday and walk into a school building where they are taught for seven hours a day. The students  were accustomed to doing something so often it eventually became second nature to them and was a regular occurrence. Forcing students to stop doing what they have been so used to can throw off everything in a human. “Young children have difficulty with change, and transitions are changing.” Students kindergarten through college students have been used to a system “comfort comes in knowing what to expect.” Students expected what the next day would be like and the day after that. They didn’t know what to expect when online classes started to a new norm for them. We are putting our kids in a bad situation especially the younger ones who “lack brain capacity to regulate themselves or handle their emotions.” Moving kids from traditional learning to online school is hurting them and making them uncertain about the future for school. 

Online learning has a negative impact on children and adolescents due to Covid-19. Covid-19 is keeping kids awake at night longer than usual. The kids are being forced to be confined in the house due to strict rules mean less exercise which will ultimately mean kids putting more weight on which can interfere with their sleep school. Students deprived of sleep will result in longer naps during the day disrupting their sleep schedule at night. All that results in students being on their phones later in the night being exposed to “blue light,” which disrupts melatonin, the body’s cue to sleep. This is a problem with online school because more kids will have less energy during school times, resulting in them paying less attention during class hours. Lack of exercise will also affect the student making them depressed which will most likely lead them to not pay attention in class or even stop caring about school. Students who took online classes have also seen an increase in mental health such as depression, anxiety, and stress. An article ran a test on college students in New Jersey and it was shown that there was a high level of depression associated with the difficulties of being able to focus in school. Covid-19 has taken a toll mentally on college students who are trying to learn for their majors and get their life in order but they have to learn online which is an unfamiliar, unorthodox way of learning. Another study which was conducted at a large public university in the United states found that “out of 195 students, 138 (71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the Covid-19 outbreak.” Students all around the country are being affected with the unknown of learning causing them to stress and panic.  

Students who take online classes do miss out on the “normal” learning experiences that prepare them for any of their careers. There are a lot of skills traditional classes teach individuals that online classes can not. Basic communication skills, even if that includes speaking with classmates and collaborating with them. Although the students can collaborate in online classes, it contrasts when the students are within the same vicinity as the people they are working with. They can develop chemistry that will help turn the work that much better, the teacher will be able to see that these students have worked together. The second learning experience an online student misses is presentation skills, online students are not under the pressure of having to face 30 or more faces and presenting a topic, “they can easily turn off their cameras and give a presentation depending on the class and the instructor.” For example, if a student were to enter the business world and have to give a presentation if they took online classes their whole college career, they would likely not feel as prepared as a traditional student who has given multiple face-to-face presentations. The traditional school helped students have a stable and consistent game plan from Monday to Friday.

We need to prohibit online classes to give students the full ability to learn and understand the material in front of them without resorting to the internet to cheat. It is very apparent that online classes offer class flexibility, students can work, do household necessities, babysit, while still attending  online classes. When placed in a traditional class setting, the students can not do much more than just pay attention to the class. It is very important that decision makers know this when trying to pick between the two courses. Self-discipline while taking college classes online is very important. There is no one there telling the students to take notes while still paying attention to classes and I believe it is all about independence and control over their education and future. 

Online school takes a toll on low-income families the hardest. Most low income families don’t have the adequate technology to learn properly. Whether it is not being able to connect to zoom’s because of an unstable connection to not having the proper learning devices to learn like some of their classmates. “It expects a greater learning loss for minority and low-income children who have less access to technology, and for families more affected by the economic downturn.” Teachers have also taken a toll with online school. Teachers can’t seem to properly take attendance in the Los Angeles School district. Parents have also found a hard time with their children being at home learning virtually. When students went to school the parents were allowed to go to work and do their everyday needs knowing that their children were at school being looked for. Now that they are home it’s the parents job to look after their children and still work and do their everyday needs. It causes a lot of stress on the parents and now they have to move around their schedule to look after their children during the hours of school. If school was in person they wouldn’t have to go through the troubles to do that. 

In an in person class teachers are able to connect with the students one on one when they are confused on a subject, Dallas middle-school teacher Delna Bryan, who teaches Spanish includes both fluent and nonfluent youngsters. “In the classroom, I can look around and see body language and know when some of my students not fluent in Spanish need me to switch to English. I can’t do that online. We need the interaction with the kids, face-to face.” In this case the students who don’t really know spanish aren’t learning because they’re unable to get the proper one on one time with the teacher that some students would get in a classroom. Students would be able to see how the teacher’s lips move to try and mimic it as best as possible to help become better in the subject. This causes more stress on students because now they aren’t fully learning which probably makes them feel like behind. 

Although some students might like online learning most students don’t like change. They have been going into school since they were young and it became a part of their daily routine and it’s hard to just break that cycle. In person school was more than just going to school and learning. It was a chance to conversate with people on a daily basis whether they were your friends or not. It helped people become more social and make connections with people that they could use in the future potentially, but online learning restricts that ability for students to talk to each other like how they used to. Some students only talked to other people outside of their family during school so by having everyone virtual the likeliness of the student to talk to other students has decreased significantly. Online learning will make students less social and we will see a higher rate of public speaking anxiety in the future as well. Traditional school gave us the ability to speak in front of people. Even if they were our classmates it was still a chance to talk in front of a group of people, online school still has presentations but there is a big difference from standing up in person and giving a presentation as compared to having your box light up when individuals speak.

Having an in person class will also allow the students to fully understand what the teacher wants and needs in an assignment, “also, course expectations are often not clear, and because of the physical separation between the instructor  and student, problems may  be difficult to resolve.” Students won’t always be able to ask the teacher what they really want due to the fact that they’re online. Teachers might not want to fully explain everything in text because it will be too long and they know that the students won’t fully read it as opposed to them being in person and the teacher would be able to just talk and let everyone know what they’re expecting. Students are more likely to “slack off” and cheat during online school. No one is there to keep them accountable and not cheat. If they don’t know a question on a test instead of just guessing they can google the entire test and pass without knowing one thing on that test. 

It’s true students can cheat anywhere online and in person but students are more likely to cheat online due to the fact that the teacher’s presence is non existent. Online learning does give the students the ability to learn in the comfort or their bed but they aren’t fully learning the material presented to them. Traditional learning encourages students to stay on task and to ask questions when they don’t understand a subject. It allows students to engage with themselves which will help them with everyday life things in the future as opposed to online learning. 

Most students’ grades drastically rose because of cheating and not having the teacher breathing down your neck on a test when students start to look around the classroom. “Before Covid-19 ProctorU, caught people cheating on fewer than 1 percent of the 340,000 exams it administered from January through March. During the height of remote testing, the company says, the number of exams it supervised jumped to 1.3 million from April through June, and the cheating rate rose above 8 percent.” Ninety-three percent of instructors think that students are more likely to cheat online than in person, hinting at why grades might increase significantly. Online school has been around for a while but the pandemic putting the world on hold, all of the school districts had no other choice but to go fully online when the pandemic first started. During that time teachers saw students grades improve drastically from being in person to them working from their home. Students were able to work from the comfort of their home and move at their own pace on assignments. Teachers in some classes saw grades rise for students that were uncommon. 

Some colleges give tests to their students and don’t have a proctor to watch over them. Most kids would take that as a treat and use their notes, and the internet. In person school is a better option than online classes for this reason. Students in online classes tend to be more lazier on assignments which is why they resort to cheating. If students didn’t have the option to go online they would have to be prepared everyday for school on the topic the class is discussing. If a students doesn’t get something now and they are online they will most likely forget it and not even try and learn it, but if the student is in class they will have no other choice but to learn it because they’ll never know when they will be called and when they take the test the likelihood of teachers allowing students to use your notes or the internet is slim. Some students might say that online school helps them in school and allows them to move at their own pace but studies show that, “for a typical student, taking a course online rather than in person would decrease his or her likelihood of course persistence by 7 percentage points.”  

When a teacher asked in one class the number of students who used Chegg which is a cheating site 60 out of 250 students have done it, and 100 students in other classes were identified as having used Chegg in a similar way. There is no coincidence that cheating sites have increased when online classes have also increased. Even if students don’t need to cheat it is at their disposal any time of the day for almost every topic. 

Although that might be true to an extent the real world doesn’t move at your pace. When people get a job and your boss wants them to learn something in a day they can’t tell him that they need an extra week because they like to work slowly on things. In person classes allow each person to prepare for the real world. By allowing the students to go online it will help the students to build connections and relationships with people. That is very important in the real world because how some people obtain jobs is based on who they know. Having in person classes allows students to talk to each other and really see others rather than looking at a person’s name and sometimes never seeing their face. Research shows that actually 70% of students prefer mostly or completely face-to face learning environments. 

People will say that “online school is cheaper than traditional learning.” Studies show that if colleges and universities deliver online courses correctly it could be more expensive than if they just gave out traditional classes. Most colleges and universities charge the same tuition for online and on campus classes, and some even charge more. About 5% of schools charge online students a lower cost according to a CHLOE report. Some online classes might also be more expensive due to the fact that students have to buy a suitable laptop for class and pay for technology fees that some students on campus wouldn’t have to pay. Online classes aren’t necessarily cheaper depending on the university chosen will help determine that question. . 

Education pre-pandemic was good for what we had to do. The pandemic was beneficial and for students and teachers. Schools and college teachers were able to use zoom to interact with students across the world in the comfort of their living room. The pandemic allowed us to use our knowledge for technology in the best way possible. The year off of in person classes allowed everyone to slow down and realize what they took for granted in having in person classes everyday. Students should return to school next fall but schools should still keep the zoom option in place because it is useful in reaching students who are sick, or can’t make it to class on a particular day. 

References 

Becker, S. P., & Gregory, A. M. (2020). Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(7), 757-759. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13278

Iwai, Yoshiko. “Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Scientific American Blog Network, Scientific American, 13 Mar. 2020, blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/online-learning-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/. 

Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M., & Davi, N. K. (2020, September 30). The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239696

Klein, T. (2014, April 18). The Kids Are Alright, But They Don’t Like Change. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/our-thriving-children/201404/the-kids-are-alright-they-don-t-change. 

Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020, September 3). Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of medical Internet research. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473764/. 

Tucker, Kristine. “Synonym.” Classroom.synonym.com, 2017, classroom.synonym.com/. 

Hannay, M., & Newvine, T. (2006, March). PERCEPTIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING: A COMPARISON OF ONLINE AND TRADITIONAL LEARNING . https://jolt.merlot.org/documents/MS05011.pdf. 

Hobbs, T. D., & Hawkins, L. (2020, June 5). The Results Are In for Remote Learning: It Didn’t Work. https://www.panoramic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/The-Results-Are-In-for-Remote-Learning_-It-Didn%E2%80%99t-Work-WSJ.pdf. 

Koenig, R. (2019, December 11). Most Students and Faculty Prefer Face-To-Face Instruction, EDUCAUSE Surveys Find – EdSurge News. EdSurge. https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-12-11-most-students-and-faculty-prefer-face-to-face-instruction-educause-surveys-find.

Krakoff, S. (n.d.). The cost of online education vs. traditional education. https://online.champlain.edu/blog/cost-of-online-education-vs-traditional-education.

Newton, D. (2021, April 8). Another problem with shifting education online: cheating. The Hechinger Report. https://hechingerreport.org/another-problem-with-shifting-education-online-cheating/.

Pitt, D. (2020, April 8). Face-to-face learning is better than online. The Crimson White. https://cw.ua.edu/64870/opinion/face-to-face-learning-is-better-than-online/.

Students Get Lower Grades in Online Courses. Harvard Business Review. (2015, March 30). https://hbr.org/2013/12/students-get-lower-grades-in-online-courses.

Terry, C. (2020, August 7). Noodle. https://www.noodle.com/articles/are-online-classes-cheaper. 

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Reflective Statement- Christianity19

Posted on April 26, 2021 by christianity19

Core Value 1. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

Throughout this writing class, my writing has been pushed to be better improved through the process. With the professor giving detailed feedback, help make it clear on how to develop my thesis throughout the paper. Taking the feedback that was help shape how in approach when I came to editing my writing. Looking at the abundances of sources that I had collected throughout the process of my research. This core value is demonstrated in my White Paper—Christianity19, due to the amount of edits and how to constantly change throughout the semester. The white paper was the hub of where all my essays came from, that was where I got my sources to give my essays the juice it had. 

Core Value 2. My work demonstrates that I read critically, and that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

When I took this class last semester, I chose to shy away from my work because I was intimidated by it. I never spoke with anyone about how lost I felt with the material until it was too late. This semester, I communicated with Professor Hodges about my writing, and fully embraced the practice of writing instead of thinking. I wrote my Purposeful Summaries- Christianity19 I read them, which allowed me to reassess my thought process as I gathered more information. The Professor’s gave me feedback on my work as I went along. My hypothesis evolved from an outlandish claim to prove the Skin diseases are caused by wrestling.

As I explored the reasons behind wrestling causes skin diseases and infections, I discovered that wrestlers who didn’t take care of their skin will have a higher chance of getting skin diseases. I read critically and discovered the main arguing points for both sides of the wrestling causes wrestlers to have skin diseases and infections. In my Definition Rewrite- Christianity19, I used sources from articles that showed that wrestling has a high risk of allowing wrestlers to get skin diseases or infections. One of my causal sources included a discussion that kids who take care of their body they will radically reduce their ability to get skin diseases from wrestling.

Core Value 3. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

My original thesis was based that wrestling has a high risk of wrestlers to get skin diseases or infections because close contact, but after analyzing my audience, I realized that they would quickly refute the idea that skin diseases are caused by wrestling without checking your skin before a wrestling match. My target audience is people who wrestle or people who are interested in the sport of wrestling. In my Causal Rewrite – Christianity19, I described that wrestlers that would check their skin will have a lower chance of getting skin diseases, but without the kids checking their skin for skins of skin diseases will reduce the risk of skin diseases. I introduced the idea of kids that wrestle and don’t check their own skin are hurting themselves by and other wrestlers because they might spread skin diseases. My rhetoric includes a thesis on how so many studies and trials have proved that skin diseases are a high risk for wrestlers.

Core Value 4: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

There were a few times throughout my research where I used the Professor’s idea to look at the citation of one article to find more sources, and I evaluated all of my sources by checking to see if they were peer-reviewed. The reason I centered my research paper around getting skin diseases from wrestling and how it has affected my personal life. Before writing my Reflective Statement- Christianity19 I thought about how common all wrestlers are because they want to take care of their body and don’t want to catch any infections. In my Reflective statement, I used the five core writing values to show you I incorporated in my writing.

Core Value 5. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

My research I haven’t changed my view on wrestling skin diseases that wrestling causes skin disease. By including an Bibliography-Christianity19, I’m showing how I used my wrestling . In my Bibliography, I acknowledge that the solution to the kids who got skin diseases from wrestling. I was honest with my audience and used logic to encourage them to form their own opinion while reading my essays. In the introduction to my Research Position Paper-Christianity19, I talked about how As many people may know that this year wrestling has been very different when it comes to COVID-19 because their has been outbreaks of COVID-19 when wrestling this season. I began my essay with this to get my audience thinking.

Posted in christianity, Portfolio Christianity, Reflective | 1 Comment

Research Position Paper-Christianity19

Posted on April 26, 2021 by christianity19


Wrestlers getting skin diseases from wrestling

As many people may know that this year wrestling has been very different when it comes to COVID-19 because their has been outbreaks of COVID-19 when wrestling this season. COVID-19 testing should be a priority for wrestlers before wrestling practice and after wrestling practice to make sure they didn’t catch COVID-19. Even this year when wrestling the face masks have been a problem because a lot of the kids don’t like wrestling with face masks because they get fatigued much more when wrestling.

Each wrestler can be affected differently about the spreading of herpes while wrestling because each wrestler might get it a different way. Wrestling in this day in age isn’t very safe because girls and boys aren’t having safe sex and then they wrestle against other boys that give other wrestlers herpes. If a wrestler doesn’t take care of your body you have a higher chance of getting herpes if the wrestler isn’t that careful. The wrestlers need to take a step and make sure they reducing the spread of skin disease to other wrestlers. Herpes is one of the diseases that is included with skin diseases from wrestling and close skin contact. This is seen throughout wrestlers who don’t take care of their bodies and make sure that they are periodically checked for any signs of herpes or to see if they have any other form of skin disease.

The studies that have been done so far on skin diseases in the sport of wrestling is that most importantly in wrestling have shown how not checking your skin effects other wrestlers as well. The flaw in their studies is showing how skin diseases truly affects a person because a wrestler could be living in incorrect way and not checking their skin before wrestling and after wrestling. They could be using the excuse of not checking their skin before wrestling or after wrestling because some kids want to look cool. The studies are inconclusive on their research of skin diseases in the sport of wrestling. This brings into question the effect the study as a whole is truthful on the finding that they have found. The study down in the New England Journal of Medicine was looking at the amount of wrestling camps that has outbreaks of herpes within the wrestlers. The studies state “ findings about outbreaks in a wrestling camp for high schoolers.” 

Each wrestler has their own experiences with dealing with getting skin diseases from wrestling. Wrestling has always been viewed as a sport that you need to check your skin before and after wrestling. On the the other hand other wrestlers need to know that they have to do whatever it takes to be skin disease free. The extra push that they need to reach the next level of their wrestling. Wrestlers that have a great way of checking their skin before a wrestling match then they will radically reduce other wrestlers from getting skin diseases. The more you wrestle the more you may need to take a shower if you can do that you can reduce the spread of skin diseases. A wrestler who checks their skin will help other wrestlers from getting skin diseases in the future. In a study done by , Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report the study takes a look into how wrestling has high transmission when the wrestler is infected with COVID-19. According to the results of the study, they state, “Wrestlers who have COVID-19 , can increase the ability for other wrestlers to get COVID-19 and maybe it might start an outbreak.” When wrestlers can compete with a high level of self-confidence in their wrestling, their self-esteem will rise due to the wrestler being confident. Even teaching kids about the way to take care of your skin after your wrestling match. There are too many conclusions that a wrestler can reduce getting skin diseases by checking their skin. Lastly, the wrestlers have help out other wrestlers by educating them on skin diseases in the sport of wrestling.

In conclusion wrestling during this pandemic was really rough to wrestle during this pandemic because especially last spring there was virtual wrestling classes to stay in the groove. In conclusion wrestling during this pandemic was really rough to wrestle during this pandemic because especially last spring there was virtual wrestling classes to stay in the groove. Even kids who wanted to get back on the wrestling mat they couldn’t make it happen because of restrictions in the state in which they live in. On the other hand wrestling from home was different but we needed to make sure we were six feet away from our other wrestlers that we were practicing with.

As a Wrestler ,the most important thing you need to take care of is making sure that you don’t get skin diseases. A wrestler is affected by not checking their skin which can have a negative impact on other wrestlers. Athletes who wrestle have a higher chance of getting skin diseases because of the high contact sport. One wrestler may take this step and check their body before a wrestling match or a wrestling practice to make sure that they are clear to wrestle. For example, if two wrestlers are about to wrestle , one may have a skin disease and other one may not have a skin disease, where the other wrestler may let the other wrestler get sick because they didn’t know they had skin disease. This has happened to many wrestlers throughout their career. When looking at skin diseases , not everyone will experience it, but at some time we have to look at the different ways of how we check for skin diseases from wrestling. Some wrestlers may have underlying issues that lead them to have higher risk to get skin diseases than others. There are some wrestlers that are struggling to find out if they have skin diseases from wrestling or not.

Wrestling is one of those sports where if you are not confident in yourself, then you will not succeed. Wrestling is a sport where it’s you against on other kid and you have to try to pin them or other wise you lose. This is not true for all athletes; most sports are team sports but, this a most individual sport which it’s you and one other wrestler. When you have a bad wrestling match then you need to tell yourself that you can beat your opponent in a wrestling match. The negative thing about wrestling is that you lose weight and sometimes you lose so much weight in a week wrestling. Some wrestlers can turn their negative performances into watching clips to see what they did wrong in the wrestling match.

Recommendations for Best Disinfectant Practices to Reduce the Spread of Infection is by wiping the mat with disinfected wipes to get rid of bacteria on the mat to reduce skin diseases. Another way to reduce skin disease on the wrestling mat is by deep spraying the mat before and after wrestling practice. Even another thing that reduces skin in a wrestling match is deep clean the wrestling mats before and after wrestling competition. Wrestling bacteria and maintaining the wrestling mat takes a lot of work. On the other hand skin diseases in wrestling are reduced by cleaning the wrestling mat during the wrestling competition. Also, wrestlers can reduce skin diseases by cleaning their wrestling attire and the equipment used for wrestling. 

When wrestling , there are different types of cleaning that must be done before and after a wrestling match. Wrestling mats can are normally cleaned during the weekends after practice and matches are all over. Some will say it wrestling mats are the most disgusting part of the wrestling equipment to take care of because they tend to have a lot of sweat on the mats. When a person is getting ready to wrestle, their adrenaline is so high that if it makes them happy, it is only inevitable that the wrestler will do well in his wrestling match because he is ready. Then there are some wrestlers that do not experience either of these things. Every wrestler is different from one another. With match jitters that correlate to competition is that, an athlete is faced with a challenge that is greater than what they expected it to be. This only comes out when the wrestler is dominating their opponent. Also, it depends how good he is at wrestling because their are scouts for wrestling. 

According to Effectiveness of Body Wipes as an Adjunct to Reducing Skin Infections in High School Wrestlers is really important because it reduces skin diseases from wrestling. Some wrestlers have trouble reducing skin diseases from wrestling because the wrestlers touch each other a lot in wrestling practice and mostly in wrestling matches. For some wrestlers, this means that not all of the wrestlers will have a negative impact on their wrestling because of skin disease or cause someone else to get skin disease. Wrestlers taking the power to reduce skin diseases in wrestling is really important so that you don’t give it to the other wrestlers. On the other hand wrestlers need to make sure they are taking showers after wrestling practice and wrestling tournaments so that the bacteria on the body goes away. 

In conclusion wrestling causes some of the wrestlers to have skin diseases and other skin infections. To help reduce the spread of wrestlers having skin disease is doing periodically body checks to make sure your skin is clear to wrestle. The more kids wrestle during the week with all the sweat and all that contact with other wrestlers increases you chances to get skin diseases for someone else. Wrestling is a tough sport and people to tell you it an easy sport they would be wrong because it’s you vs someone else who can be better than you in the sport of wrestling. On the other hand wrestling is a sport that is about strength and how muscular you are to takedown your opponent on the wrestling mat. Kid wrestlers have a hard time cutting weight because they eat a lot of junk food in the off season. 

References

Anderson, B. (2012). Effectiveness of Body Wipes as an Adjunct to Reducing Skin Infections in High School Wrestlers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(5), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e318259243

Atherstone, C., Siegel, M., Schmitt-Matzen, E., Sjoblom, S., Jackson, J., Blackmore, C., & Neatherlin, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with high school wrestling tournaments—Florida, December 2020–January 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(4), 141

Belongia, E. A., Goodman, J. L., Holland, E. J., Andres, C. W., Homann, S. R., Mahanti, R. L., … & Osterholm, M. T. (1991). An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high-school wrestling camp. New England Journal of Medicine, 325(13), 906-910

Watson, A., Haraldsdottir, K., Biese, K., Goodavish, L., Stevens, B., & McGuine, T. (2021). The Association of COVID-19 Incidence with Sport and Face Mask Use in United States High School Athletes. medRxiv

Posted in christianity, Portfolio Christianity, Research | 3 Comments

Bibliography-Christianity19

Posted on April 26, 2021 by christianity19

Young, L., Motz, V., Markey, E., Young, S., & Beaschler, R. (2017). Recommendations for Best Disinfectant Practices to Reduce the Spread of Infection via Wrestling Mats. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(2), 82–88.https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.02

Background: This article is about the best recommendations for the the best disinfect practices to reduce the spread of infection via wrestling mats. Also, it’s about it’s about finding out different ways to reduce infection between other wrestlers.

How I used it: I used this article to support the idea that checking your skin will reduce the ability to get skin diseases from other wrestlers. Also, I used this article to show how you need to take care of your skin because skin diseases are most common in wrestling because it’s high contact sport.

Anderson, B. (2012). Effectiveness of Body Wipes as an Adjunct to Reducing Skin Infections in High School Wrestlers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(5), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182592439

Background: The background of this article is that the wrestlers need to use wipes to reduce the ability to get skin diseases while wrestling. Also, if you don’t use the wipes and wrestle instead then you’ll have a higher chance of getting skin disease. But it’s also about making sure that wrestlers take care of their body so that they have a lower chance of getting skin diseases.

How I used it: I used this article to prove that wrestlers who use wipes before wrestling will radically reduce the ability to get skin diseases from wrestling. Also, I used this to show that wrestlers who use wipes after wrestling and before wrestling won’t have to worry about get skin infections because they will be safe.

Mallmann, W. L. (1924). HYGIENE OF WRESTLING MATS. American Journal of Public Health, 14(7), 569-570. (1924). https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.14.7.569

Background: The background of this article is that proper hygiene of wrestling mats will radically reduce the ability to get skin diseases from wrestling. Also, it’s about cleaning wrestling mats before and after wrestling competition. Even wrestlers have to make it a priority to clean the wrestling mats before and after wrestling practice.

How I used it: This article is part of my thesis that you get skin diseases from wrestling. Also, I used it to show that wrestlers need to help reduce skin diseases while wrestling because you cleaned the wrestling mat before and after competition. Even wrestling without cleaning the wrestling mat will make a high risk of getting skin diseases from wrestling.

Silverman, R. A. (2000). Office-based treatment of pediatric skin disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 47(4), 859-865. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031395505702443

Background: This article is about the Office-based treatment of pediatric skin disease in the sport of wrestling. Also, it’s about how to reduce the spread of skin diseases with other wrestlers. Even wrestlers have to learn how to reduce skin diseases from wrestling so they don’t need to be treated for pediatric skin disease.

How I used it: This source perfectly exemplifies my thesis in action. That when wrestling you are most likely to get skin diseases or infections from the sport. Also, it help supports my argument that wrestling gives wrestlers skin diseases.

Skin Conditions in Wrestlers. (2011). In Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine.

Background: This article is about different skin infections you may have from wrestling every single day. Also, this article talks about the different skin diseases and the side effects of having these types of skin diseases from wrestling. Even its about how to stay safe from these different types of skin diseases that you may come across on day when wrestling. Lastly, not every single wrestler will get skin diseases from wrestling; but you just need to learn to take care of your skin and take a shower after wrestling.

How I used it: The

Finlay, J. (2020). Wentz’s contract GIVES Eagles WORST QB situation in NFC East. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/football-team/carson-wentz-and-his-contract-gives-eagles-worst-qb-situation-nfc-east

Background: The Philadelphia Eagles have recently found themselves in the middle of one of the messiest financial situations in NFL history because of a series of bad contracts, and the biggest being their former Quarterback Carson Wentz. The Eagles in the summer of 2019 signed Wentz to a 4-year $128M extension to be their Quarterback of the future. 2 years later, Wentz resides in Indianapolis and the Eagles now have to pay the largest dead cap hit in NFL history at $34.7M.

How I used it: I used this article as an example of how committing a massive amount of money to a Quarterback too early can cause more harm to the success of the team than aid. I used this article in my rebuttal to further prove my point that paying Quarterbacks a substantial amount of money is more of a risk than it is a benefit to a team’s future.

Rolfe, B. (2021). Deshaun Watson’s contract DETAILS, salary cap impact, and bonuses. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from https://www.profootballnetwork.com/deshaun-watson-contract-breakdown-salary-bonuses/#:~:text=Deshaun%20Watson%20and%20the%20Houston,fourth%20year%20of%20his%20career.

Background: The Houston Texans recently signed their franchise Quarterback to a 4-year $156M contract shortly before the start of the 2020 NFL season. After a year of seemingly everything going wrong for the team, Watson has expressed his discontent with the team and is currently attempting to force his way out by requesting to be traded. The financial catastrophe that would be experienced by the Texans should he be traded would be substantially large and would be paying him a large amount of money to play for a different team next season.

How I used it: The financial cap hit for the release of Deshaun Watson would absolutely cripple their salary cap and restrict them from making moves in free agency to better their team by paying a player to play elsewhere next season. This article further supported my thesis that paying a quarterback a substantial amount of the salary cap hurts a team in the long run more than helps them.

Schalter, Ty. (2017). “The Art of Navigating the NFL Salary Cap.” Bleacher Report, Bleacher Report, 19 Sept. 2017, bleacherreport.com/articles/1956430-the-art-of-navigating-the-nfl-salary-cap. 

Background: This article details just how difficult it is to navigate around an NFL salary cap. There are ways to work around everything through restructures and signing bonuses to lessen the yearly cap hit from a contract. The Seattle Seahawks were the example used and in 2013 were the perfect example of how to successfully build a roster while also managing the salary cap efficiently.

How I used it: I used this article in my causal argument and definition rewrite to give the reader more of an idea on just how a championship roster can be constructed without the necessity of paying a Quarterback an obscene amount of money. The 2013 Seattle Seahawks were the perfect example of how playing “Moneyball” is just as effective or even more effective than committing a substantial amount of the salary cap toward one player. 

Torres, Blanca. (2019). “Debate Swirls around CEO Pay.” Baltimoresun.com, Baltimore Sun, 6 Apr. 2019, http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-bz.ex.payequity15may15-story.html. 

Background: This article talks about how Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream for a brief time enforced a policy where the CEO could not make more than a certain times the amount of the lowest paid employee to make wage dispersion throughout a company more fair and balanced.

How I used it: I believe the NFL could institute a policy like this in order to limit the amount a Quarterback would make to allow teams to more effectively disperse resources throughout the entire roster to field a better product which not only improve the overall product of the NFL, but improve the income of the league and all 32 teams as well.

Posted in Bibliography, christianity, Portfolio Christianity | 2 Comments

Research—compiistudent

Posted on April 26, 2021 by compiistudent

Healing the Country Through Media

Since 2016, the term “Fake news” gained prominence in the United States. A big part of Donald Trump’s strategy for his campaign was trying to pull followers from people who felt disenfranchized from the last administration. Maybe the largest message of his was that the media was lying to these people and trying to silence them. This has been proven false, but the argument was so compelling that it gained a ton of traction, and slowly but surely gaine Trump enough supporters (in key areas, as he lost the popular vote) to win the election and become the 45th President. For the next four years, he continued to drive his narrative of fake news. He used Twitter so he could reach the public directly, and not have his messages skewed through a giant news network. This strategy cause a larger divide down the political aisle than we have seen in decades.

The left and right have never been farther apart, and a large part of it is how the sides consume their news and media. In an age of social media ruling the world, less of the younger generations are sitting down and watching news networks, which older generations still tend to do. The problem is, people on both sides only consume the media they want to hear, or that which fits their narrative. The left largely following sources such as CNN and MSNBC, and the right going with Fox News and for the past four years, reading Trump’s twitter feed. Because too many people are seeing only seeing biased media, they are not getting a real picture of what is really happening. This divide in our country happened in large part due to the fact that a lot of citizens feel that they can’t trust the media as a whole. In the long run, a huge step (not they only step) towards healing this political divide is to regain public trust in the media.

Although this has been amplified in the past four to five years, the problem has been their for a long time. In 2000, Daniel Sutter wrote a piece on media bias, and he cited that, “The documentation of media bias has become something of a cottage industry since Edith Efron’s (1971) pioneering study.” He also wrote about how the myth that all media is liberally biased is pretty much false. His claim is that while there really is not a way to specifically see is the media leans one way or another, you can see where these news networks come from, and base claims from there. This is a good point because when you look at the most popular news giants, they come from even larger coroporations. CNN is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System (TBS) and Fox News comes from the Fox Corporation. In all likelyhood, these corporations are telling these news networks what to put on air and on social media, because they know if they pander to one side or the other, then they will make more money off of all of the views they are getting.

At the start of the decade, we had a Democratic president in Barack Obama. A lot of people say that Obama helped the Trump campaign in the long run because he did not do enough for people in rural little populated areas. While those areas are not populated a ton on their own, all together they form a mass. With most of these areas and states being right leaning, it is interesting to see how they percieve the media. Of course contrasting them against people in maybe a more urban, left leaning population. In 2017, a study was done in Wisconsin, where adults came forward with different “politically devisive” events that they had seen since 2011. In that time, Obama being the president for the majority of it. There were apparently “self- reported patterns of selective exposure to partisan media while accounting for the role of local communication ecology in encouraging or discouraging partisan media selectivity,” according to Mathew Barnidge. This goes to show at least on one side, people are choosing to only listen to one outlet, and that they are encouraged to do so by others around them. One might even go as far as to say that they might be proud of this fact, since this all came self reported.

Media bias is not just a topic local to the United States. The Comparative National Election Project did a survey of 17 different countries. They found that “results (showed) evidence of overall positive relationship between percieved media bias and political action, and they also show evidence that this relationship varies in strength between countries,” according to Mathew Barnidge. It is evident that media bias occurs elswhere, but it does not seem to beek taken as harshly as it is here in the United States. This might also be backed by legitamet freedom of press in those countries. In the United States free speech is of course a right that we Americans hold dear. But this goes back to a previous point of larger companies controlling the media, which just profit off of the people looking for information. This point can then be used as an example in the much larger topic of how much corporations and the one percent control the rest of the American citizens. All in all, media bias in other countries is not as relavent as it is here in the United States because people are not “gas lighting” the situation like they are here.

Over the past decade, it seems like people have lost faith in either all general media, or most of it. The political divide in our country has reached a point that has not been seen in decades. There are several reasons for this, but a big part of it is peoples perception of the media and the news reported. Many seem to think that the media is pushing an agenda on them and just giving out biased information to harm a certain group of people. Because of this, people then don’t know who or what to trust and just lose faith in the media all together. It is a really big issue, and the current state of distrust in the media can only further harm the country.

There are a few reasons that caused this distrust. One of the biggest reasons, if not the biggest, is the role of Donald Trump and his 2016 presidential campaign. Trump used public perception of both social media and the news to gain a following. Pablo Boczkowski writes, “From the apparent disconnect of the agenda setting media with a vast segment of the American voters to the deluge of fake news circulating on social media, and from the intensity of the confrontation between President Trump and these media to his constant use of Twitter to promote (the) alternative- and often unsupported by facts.” Essentially, Trump’s campaign focus was to target people that maybe felt disenfrancized by the Obama administration. He was able to convince them that the media had basically been lying to them for eight years, but he would be someone that they could trust. They all flocked to him and his promises, and he was elected President. He used Twitter to get his messages directly to the American people, so his words and actions wouldn’t get, in his view, mis-interpreted by the media. This seems like a really good idea on paper. In fact, today the majority of politicians use Twitter and other forms of social media. But as time went on, Trump would tweet things out that had no factual evidence to support the claims he was making. With all of his followers supporting every word he said, it only added to the hysteria, nd the attack on big media.

Despite all of this, these big media outlets really did not do much of anything to help themselves out. With Trump attacking their credibility every chance he got, they just attacked him back in other ways, not helping to build their own image and trust of the public. Victor Prickard wrote, “Media outlets help set discursive parameters around political debates during elections. This was abundantly evident during the 2016 elections when typical coverage depicted a false equivalence between Trump and Clinton while empacizing specatcle over long standing policy issues.” The media really did not seem to take Trump seriously all throughout the 2016 campaigns, and made Hillary Clinton appear to be the more worthy candidate. On the other hand, Trump was such a fascinating candidate that he got more media coverage than usual. According to Prickard, One study calculated that in 2015, Trump recieved 327 minutes of nightly broadcast network news coverage, compared with Hillary Clintons 121 minutes and Bernie Sanders 20 minutes (Tyndal report, 2016).” This only gave Trump more popularity and gave the public more exposure to him.

On the flip side of big media coverage, there is also social media, which played a huge role in the 2016 elections and Trumps four years in office. The two correlated to benefit Trump, as “results demonstrate that social media activity , in the form of retweets of candidate posts, provided a significant boost to news media coverage of Trump, but no comparable boosts of other candidates. Furthermore, Trump tweeted more times when he had recently garnered less of a relative advantage in news attention, suggesting he strategically used Twitter to trigger coverage,” according to Chris Wells. After maybe some negative attention, Trump would tweet something or other in his defense, and that usually immediately bolstered his media coverage in general. The biggest thing is that regardless if the coverage surrounding him was positive or negative, it still got his name out there, and that way he was reaching more and more people.

With all of this in mind, it should have been expected that Trump’s time as President of the United States was under the national media spotlight every second of every day for 4 years. It was the same deal as his campaign, all coverage was good coverage, regardless of whether or not it was positive. The big difference was that Trump attacked the media even more while he was in office. Douglas Kellner wrote, “When he makes questionable or demonstrably false statements and is confronted with contrary evidence, Trump and his handlers dismiss any critical claims against Trump as ‘fake news’ and ‘alternative facts.'”It became a huge problems as this as an occurance more than af few times per week over the course of what became a long 4 years. This was one of the biggest driving forces behind the political divide that has become so evident. Whenever somone cries “fake news” at something, the other side then immediatly goes to call them inferior and stupid and other things that might put people down, thus furthering the divide. While it is clear that the Trump supporters are the biggest reason behind this issue, the mainly left group has not done much to help fix it.

When it comes to the people who push the narratives of fake news, it will not be very easy to get them to trust big media, whether or not they even did before Trump. Because the media did not do itself any favors in this case, as well as Trump continuously bashing the media seemingly every chance he got, the country seems to be in a much worse place than it was four years ago, and it will take a lot to heal the divide, however long that may take.

The idea that the media is biased one way or another has been around for a long time, but has really become a mainstream topic for many people in the last 4-5 years, largely because of the campaign antics of Donald Trump and his supporters. A big part of his driving force for his presidential campaign was preaching to the right that the media was biased against them and they were being silenced, therefore the media could not be trusted. This helped him win the 2016 Presidency over Hillary Clinton in the end. This was in large part due to all of the media exposure he got because of these claims he was making. Whether or not the coverage of his statements were in a positive light or a negative one, it still got his name out there that he won the election. For the next four years, his Presidency caused a divide down the political aisle that had not been seen in decades, and is very relevant in our current climate. A big reason for that is due to one side of that aisle not having any faith in the media at all, claiming that everything that is put out is “fake news.” If trust in the media is regained, then the divide can begin to heal. This idea that trust in media is essential has been around for a long time and does not pertain to this current state of affairs. It is true that this idea has been around for a long time, but to think that it is not a key building block to move the country forward is wrong.

In 1988, Albert Gunther wrote that, “A recent series of experiments demonstrated that audience members more partisan or biased on a specific issue are more likely to percieve bias in media treatment of that issue.” This statement supports that media bias is not a new occurence. However, it is possible that it is much more relevant today than it was in 1988. Today, the right feels more than ever that they are belittled by the media, while a lot of the left feels that there is no bias towards them at all. There are cases to be made for and against both sides of that. It is true that a lot of media platforms put out things that right wing people might not always agree with, but at the same time, there certainly are platforms that definetely lean right, Fox News being the biggest one of those. It is probably safe to say that today both sides are more invested in politics and current events, just because it is so easy to access all of it in different forms of social media and the internent. Because of this, everyone now feels a wide range of things whenever anything happens pertaining to politics, and they feel like the media is pushing one agenda or another. In that regard, Gunther’s statement is more relavent now than it was when he said it in 1988.

Another factor in why people might not trust the media is because they just do not trust the government in general. David A Jones wrote an article about trust in media in 2004, saying that “One key factor appears to be trust in government, suggesting that the media’s lowly stature may stem more from general political malaise than from the many shortcomings of contemporary news coverage. Interestingly, trust in the media is particularly low among conservative Republicans, especially those who listen to political talk radio.” This has been relevant to the argument all along, and it is true that the majority of those who do not trust the media do not trust the government either. However it appears that this narrative goes both ways, and that trust in one would build up trust in the other. trusting the government in general is a whole different argument. But since it is the same group of people not trusting either one of those entities, it seems to be a fair assumption that if trust in the media is gained, it could go a long way to help trust in the government overall.

Another counter-argument to this might ask if trust in the media is really that important overall? It is definetely a valid question, but he answer is very important. At this point in time, media should be viewed as much more than an outlet for the news, which is almost strictly what it was up until recenly. Now however, media is everything to society. Most of today’s structure is built around the internet, so that is where media is. It shows just where people are getting their news from, which is how they form their opinions. The younger audience is much more likely to get information from social media platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat, while older folks might generally stick to newspapers and news on tv. In 2015, Sarah Stonebely wrote that ” Contemporary ethnographies have placed greater emphasis on journalistic agency and on the networked nature of newswork, though I question whether an emphasis on organizational constraints is still not politically warrented.” She discusses how in today’s society, media does not have to be just one main thing, it can branch out and be many things at once. This is very important in today’s situation, because the way people view the media is largely based on how it is brought to them.

All this being said, media has been a backbone of society for the longest time, dating back to the days when the printing press was invented and people were able to get news around. Ever since then it has played a huge role in the world. Today we stand at a very critical point in our country, and hopefully we could use the media to bring the United States to be somewhat more united. To downplay the role that the media currently has would be extremely foolish and would set us back probably even farther. That is something that both sides of the aisle can agree on.

Media bias cannot be solved in an instant, it cannnot even be solved relatively soon. but it is one of the nation’s biggest problems because it is a doorway to a whole other world of issues. People only consuming one side of things have grown from angry to livid at the other side, which would then lead to electing politicians looking to profit for their own gain off of the anger of people they claim to represent. They will only push the divide even further once they are elected, and only worsen the issue. If Americans learned to trust the media as a whole again, and not just their preference, than we would be much more united than we have been for the past four or five years, and are now.

References

[The word References is centered, not bold, no punctuation]

(2001). Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/catoj20&div=38&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals

Matthew Barnidge, A. C. (2017, June 14). Politically Motivated Selective Exposure and Perceived Media Bias – Matthew Barnidge, Albert C. Gunther, Jinha Kim, Yangsun Hong, Mallory Perryman, Swee Kiat Tay, Sandra Knisely, 2020. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0093650217713066#articleCitationDownloadContainer

Barnidge, M., Rojas, H., Beck, P. A., & Schmitt-Beck, R. (2019, November 11). Comparative Corrective Action: Perceived Media Bias and Political Action in 17 Countries. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article/32/4/732/5620395?login=true

The Trump Presidency, Journalism, and Democracy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uchHDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT16&dq=trump attacking media&ots=lTIFpmAvFh&sig=uUEDi7G74S5W5KYko71sceirLVY#v=onepage&q=trump attacking media&f=false

Pickard, V. (2016). Media failues in the age of Trump. Retrieved from http://polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/viewFile/74/264

Additional informationNotes on contributorsJulia R. AzariJulia R. Azari is Associate Professor. (n.d.). How the News Media Helped to Nominate Trump. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584609.2016.1224417?journalCode=upcp20

Chris Wells, D. S. (2020, April 2). Trump, Twitter, and news media responsiveness: A media systems approach – Chris Wells, Dhavan Shah, Josephine Lukito, Ayellet Pelled, Jon CW Pevehouse, JungHwan Yang, 2020. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444819893987

Jones, D. A. (2004). Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9(2), 60-75. doi:10.1177/1081180×04263461

Gunther, A. (1988, June 1). Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media – Albert Gunther, 1988. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769908806500203?journalCode=jmqb

The Social and Intellectual Contexts of the U.S. “Newsroom Studies,” and the Media Sociology of Today. (2013, November 21). Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2013.859865

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Self Reflective- CompIIstudent

Posted on April 26, 2021 by compiistudent

Core Value 1. My work demonstrates that I use a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptulization, and development.

This class had us really analyzing the work we were doing, a lot more than I had ever done in any previous writing class. I am thankful for this because I will have a lot of writing classes in the future, so I think this has prepared me well for it. In doing these projects, I did take my time choosing the right sources that accuratly depicted what I wanted to say in my writing. I think that this is best seen in my causal argument, due to the fact that it takes into account the many reasons why I even chose my topic. I had to research it heavily and pick out the sources I felt best showed the points I was trying to convey.

Core Value 2. My work demonstrates that I read critically, and that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities.

We had been told from the beginning of this paper how to incorporate quotes from sources. In my research paper’s topic, I had a lot of ground to cover, which meant I had to use my sources efficiently. I think what worked best for me was explaining the context of the source and then diving into just how it is important to my hypothesis. I feel that this was most effectively shown in my rebuttal argument, mainly because I was very specific about the sources I was using and how I used them. Not only did I pick out sources that helped my arguments, but I was able to use them in such a way that I could refute the arguments that opposed my hypothesis.

Core Value 3. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and conexts of my own writing an other texts and visual arguments.

In the beginning I was having trouble figuring out how to best target this topic towards a specific group (and there is a specific group that would benefit from reading this). But as I kept writing and researching, the more I realized that this would be a good topic for most, if not all Americans to hear. Because of this feeling, I knew I had to come off as unbiased as I possibly could, and try to see everything from both sides. It definetely was not easy at times, but I would say this was best displayed in my causal argument, mainly because I was presenting facts that worked well with my argument. It worked out well, one of the reasons I think that my causal argument in my strongest one overall.

Core Value 4. My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

There is definitely no shortage of sources to use for my topic. In fact, I had a good deal of trouble trying to find the best ones to use. The argument that best utilized the sources was the causal argument. Since there were many reasons for the topic of media bias becoming so prominent today, I went back and got sources that I felt accurately showed how Trump became President through this narrative, and furthered the narrative while in office. I showed through my selected sources how he used the media to help his name, how he used social media to gain supporters, as well as pushing the narrative of fake news. Because I was able to build a good background through these sources, it helped push my hypothesis a long way.

Core Value 5. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsability to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation.

I felt that throughout my entire essay, I used my citations as a way to further my argument. I used them in strategic places to grab the readers attention to the fact that I had support for my claims. A lot of those ended up being towards the front of the paragraphs I put them in, but I am ok with that because I feel that it got the job done in that regard. Never once did I not cite a source, I had good reference pages put together. However, I think that my annotated bibliography is the task that best displays this value because it literally has what the source is and how I incorporated it. Those explanations are accurate and insightful as to why the source was used.

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Bibliography- CompIIstudent

Posted on April 26, 2021 by compiistudent

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1081180X04263461 Jones, D. A. (2004). Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9(2), 60-75. doi:10.1177/1081180×04263461

Background: This is a journal post from 2004 about how Americans no longer trust the media, as a study was taken down to an individual survey to see how citizens felt. This showed that a lot of people felt that the media had “come up short” in certain situations

How I used it: I mainly used this to show how the people who don’t trust the media also don’t trust the government. The quote I used was actually for a point that was part of the rebuttall to my hypothesis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769908806500203?journalCode=jmqbGunther, A. (1988, June 1). Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media – Albert Gunther, 1988. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769908806500203?journalCode=jmqb

Background: This was an article written in 1988 by Alber Gunther about a study that found a disparancy in trust in media and media coverage in general

How I used it: I used this article in my rebuttal argument to show that the idea of media distrust is not a new idea and has been around for a long time. This is actually part of the rebuttal against my hypothesis, but it was a nessacary point to make. This was mainly because I needed compare media coverage with social media now to back then when social media wasn’t around

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2013.859865

The Social and Intellectual Contexts of the U.S. “Newsroom Studies,” and the Media Sociology of Today. (2013, November 21). Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2013.859865

Background: This was an article written back in 2015 to show how the media is such a big factor in todays society. It used history of the media dating back to the 70s and 80s and now how that compares today.

How I used it: The point I was refuting was that trust in media is not important to heal the political divide in the country. This article points out the blindspots of people when it comes to the media and how they often don’t look at the big picture of things when they are being covered or talked about by the media

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uchHDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT7&dq=the+trump+presidency,+journalism+and+democracy&ots=lTIGorxyHl&sig=gJnseUsvSOnHAaXlZ8eOaRNKO3c#v=onepage&q=the%20trump%20presidency%2C%20journalism%20and%20democracy&f=false

The Trump Presidency, Journalism, and Democracy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uchHDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT16&dq=trump attacking media&ots=lTIFpmAvFh&sig=uUEDi7G74S5W5KYko71sceirLVY#v=onepage&q=trump attacking media&f=false

Background: This is a whole book written by multiple authors about how the Trump presidency affected the media and also how it was affected by the media. It takes a deep look into how the two correlated for 4 years

How i used it: This was used for my causal argument, and I used a quote from the first part of the book. The quote described how coverage of Trump’s words and actions directly effected what Trump relayed to his followers on Twitter. Its ageneral look on how social media played a big factor in to Trump’s presidency in general.

http://polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/viewFile/74/264

Pickard, V. (2016). Media failues in the age of Trump. Retrieved from http://polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/viewFile/74/264

Background: This was a study done for the Political Economy of Communication, and it analyzed the relationship between Trump’s campaign and the media that led to his election in 2016.

How I used it: I used this source in my causal argument as a way to show just how much coverage Trump was being given during the process leading up to the election. I found it important to show just how much more he was being covered than the other candidates.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444819893987

Chris Wells, D. S. (2020, April 2). Trump, Twitter, and news media responsiveness: A media systems approach – Chris Wells, Dhavan Shah, Josephine Lukito, Ayellet Pelled, Jon CW Pevehouse, JungHwan Yang, 2020. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444819893987

Background: This article was written to show how Trump used Twitter and other forms of social media to propell himself into office.

How I used it: I used this article to describe not only how social media helped to further Trump’s campaign, but also to show how he used social media (mainly Twitter) to stir up controversy and make a bigger name for himself while in office.

(2001). Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/catoj20&div=38&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals

Background: This was a journal written by Donald Sutter analyzing how and whether or not the media could be too liberal. He came to the conclusion that that narrative was false

How I used it: I used this article to show that even if giant news channels come off as bias, they are only putting out what the higher ups in their corporations want them too. For them it is only a way to make money by pandering to a certain audience.

Matthew Barnidge, A. C. (2017, June 14). Politically Motivated Selective Exposure and Perceived Media Bias – Matthew Barnidge, Albert C. Gunther, Jinha Kim, Yangsun Hong, Mallory Perryman, Swee Kiat Tay, Sandra Knisely, 2020. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0093650217713066#articleCitationDownloadContainer

Background: This article was written in 2017 when the subject of media bias was very topical. It compared what was happening then to a survey that had been done earlier in the decade on the same subject.

How I used it: I used this article to compare my findings to the study done back in 2011, that way I would not be using situations from Trump’s time in office, but from before then. I did the same thing in other places throughout my paper.

Barnidge, M., Rojas, H., Beck, P. A., & Schmitt-Beck, R. (2019, November 11). Comparative Corrective Action: Perceived Media Bias and Political Action in 17 Countries. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article/32/4/732/5620395?login=true

Background: A survey was done in 2019 to see if media bias was present in countrie other thatn the United States

How I used it: I used this article to show that while it may not be as prominent, media bias exists outside of the U.S., which is importnant considering how important the topic has become.

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Research Position Paper – JohnWick66

Posted on April 26, 2021 by johnwick66

Cancel Culture—Social media’s biggest mistake.

Cancel culture, possibly one of if not the biggest miss use of social media. Where people lives can be terminated in a matter of minutes. With the rise of social media, the world is more connected than ever, people from all over capable of communicating as if the other person were simply across the table from them. Along with this kind of tech comes a new profound power. The ability to cancel (a form of shaming) anyone for saying/doing something the public doesn’t agree with. With this kind of power the people could use it for good in order to help bring change. But instead we use it to burn normal people’s lives for nothing more than some clicks or views online. Instead of bringing change like we could, we’d rather destroy the lives of relatively innocent people for what, social justice? Please tell me what does the destruction of people’s lives do that help make that person better?

The short answer, it doesn’t, and there isn’t an exact group that is targeted either. People don’t only go after the Klansman, or neo Nazis. They’ll target anyone for any reason. You can easily go from the canceler to the canceled with the snap of your fingers. A perfect example of this was from a NPR podcast called “The callout.” The podcast talked about a punk Rockstar named Emily who was a member of a hardcore punk band in Richmond, Va. One day while on tour she received news that her best friend was accused of sending unwelcomed sexual pictures to a woman. Her friend of course denied these allegations, however Emily didn’t buy it and in an act of social justice took to face book to publicly denounce her ,now ex bestfriend, as an abuser. “I disown everything he has done. I do not think it’s O.K…I believe women.” Through her “righteous” acts her former friend basically lost everything, he was kicked from his band, forced to leave the punk scene, Emily even heard rumors that he was fired, evicted, and forced to move to a new city. With one post she destroyed everything that man had for not even commiting the act but rather the allegation of it. Just think about that, a life destroyed over the accusation of a photo, and as her former friend suffered she prospered fronting her own band. But as fate would have it her actions of canceling would come back to haunt her. A few years later she would get exposed for posting an emoji in a group chat as a response for a indecent picture of a former high school classmate that was sent nearly a decade prior. Just as she denounced her friend a few years before people came after her. She was kicked from the punk scene, her friends left her, and she was forced into hiding for months. As for her canceler? He was a man named Herbert who when interviewed described calling her out ”… a rush of pleasure, like an orgasm.” Then when asked if he cared about what Emily went through after he cold heartily responded ”..I literally do not care about what happens to (her) after the situation. I don’t care if she’s dead, alive, whatever.”

While true that these canceled people have said or done some really regrettable things that are clearly not acceptable in today’s world, there is really one difference between us and them. They were caught doing their act. Anyone that says they have never said or done something deemed socially unacceptable is quite frankly lying. We as people are prone to make undesirable mistakes, that’s what comes with developing as a person. But for a majority of us these incidents aren’t put online, they aren’t exposed to the web for all to see and judge, also its important to note that even though these people messed up, they are still people, with thoughts and dreams, and feelings. For when we ignore these facts we can truly become inhumane in our actions.

Cancel culture itself stems from public shaming. They are one in the same with the only difference is that cancel culture is directly rooted on the internet while public shaming can occur just about anywhere. As described in D, Trottier’s ”Coming to terms with shame” Shaming itself is “…necessarily assembled, as it depends on a loosely and often spontaneously arranged network of actors to convey denunciation.” Meaning that it can only occur when people deem it fit to be. Further going on stating ”Digitals tools further the expansion of such networks, a development that is of particular concern for surveillance scholars.” Due to current technology anything that is caught on camera can instantly be posted and forwarded online leading from one person having their hands on the video/photo to millions in under an hour. Because of this extreme growth its incredibly easy for people watching these recent videos to reach conclusion’s before hearing out the full story, leading to a extremely fast and usually brutal cancellation.

The creation of social media only flames cancel cultures growth. Look no further than the story previously mentioned that involved Emily. Both her cancellation and her former friends reached the level of severity it did because of social media’s reach. You would never see a story about posting a emoji in a group chat to make fun of someone ever reach the news. However it’s not hard at all to see it get posted on Twitter or Facebook and watch it spread like wildfire. That’s because social media grants cancellers something that the news never could for public shaming. It sheaths the cancellers behind a profile, able to remain completely anonymous(if he/she wanted) , and rarely forces them to face the consequences for their cancelations.

It’s really weird how some members of society believe that in order to make the world a better place all we need to do is cancel those that say or do racist things. That by destroying their lives in regards to their job, friends, and family, we somehow benefit. Unfortunately though it couldn’t be farther from the truth. Through these actions we only deepen the thoughts these people have to their racist prejudice by giving them a scape goat as to why they are in that situation. Especially since after these people are publicly shamed they are left behind, barred from any kind of redemption for their actions. Instead its like they are locked into this scenario that they are dehumanized pieces of garbage that no one cares about. What do you expect to happen to these people when they are stripped of everything except their remarks with no real chance to right their wrong? Simple, they embrace the only thing they are known for and use it in an attempt to lash out. A current public example of this scenario is a man named Paul Miller, also know by the online alias of Gypsy Crusader. Before this example is continued it is important to clarify that what happened to him that lead him to this path is disheartening, but in no way justifies his later actions or development. It just shows how cancel culture can affect the average joe.

Paul Miller was a private investigative journalist originally living in New Jersey. Back in 2018 he went to a Gavin Mcinnes event in New York (the Proud boy founder)with a friend in order to cover a story there, while there Antifa was protesting the event from outside. During it, Paul had an heated exchange with one of the protestors that led to a small scuffle which was quickly stopped by cops. Towards the end of the event as Paul was starting to head home with his friend, they were surrounded by Antifa members who attacked them. Paul fought them off giving his friend a chance to run. Paul, along side two people that saw he was in trouble, were able to fight off the Antifa members long enough for his friend to come back with police. Following the altercation, Paul was actually interviewed on the news show “One America News Network.” After this interview, Paul started getting cancelled through getting doxed, receiving death threats, got him fired from his job after multiple people called his boss telling him/her that he was racist, and overall tormenting him. His breaking point was during the BLM protests in early 2020 where he made a statement online in regards to the protests. Following this BLM members arrived to his mothers house and proceeded to openly threaten his mom with violence unless she said that “Black lives matter” This sent Paul over the edge. After everything he moved to Florida and adopted the online persona Gypsy Crusader. Feeling powerless in his loss of about almost everything he had. He did the only thing he felt he could do, radicalize. He began publicly streaming online on websites like Omegle (a website were you would facetime strangers) where he would dress up as the Joker and spew incredibly racist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic things at strangers as a way to make an income. Everyone that happened to pop into a call with him would be subjected to horrible slurs/ treatment from him. He contains no filter on himself as he attacks minorities calling them every slur in the book for his own self satisfaction. During one of his live streams, he gave the origin of his “creation” before telling his watchers “I did not tell anybody that story for sympathy, I do not want sympathy at all, zero, zero. … I’m just telling you that because it could happen to you. Everything that happened to me could happen to you.”

Paul through the actions of cancel culture became a racist monster to society. The very thing Cancel culture is trying to stop. Paul became the embodiment of hate, not because that was what he wanted to do with his life. It was the only thing he felt that he had a control in becoming, stepping into the darkness and embracing it rather than running from it like the rest of us would.

While not usually as socially prominent as this people who are cancelled have been pulled down this rabbit hole, where they feel powerless in their current situation so they become the thing they were cancelled for in order to take some of that power back.

Others who observe the wrath of cancel culture take a different route in an attempt to avoid such a negative fate. When on Social media they only observe online activity and never openly participate in the creation of original content. As discussed in “Call-out culture: How online shaming affects social media participation in young adults” This action, often called lurking is comprised of “90 % of social media users” who” do not actively contribute to the networks in which they belong.” In fact it was determined that only 9 % of social media users are regularly contributing input and only 1% create original content(streamers, youtubers, bloggers). Now looking at these numbers raises a very big question. Why do so many people lurk, why not engage with the masses in online discussions or posts? Well based off the study it is hypothesized that so many social media users don’t engage since they fear what they posted online will” … cascade out of control leading to adverse personal consequences, namely a public shaming. ”

These people likely saw others, whether it was family, content creators, or figures in general get cancelled and lose everything. So they decided the best course of action to avoid that same terrible fate was simply no action. To remain completely neutral on everything occurring online. After all, you can’t get cancelled if you don’t do anything that’s considered cancellable.

While cancel culture’s reach is immense in its pursuit of “social justice,” certain people have been able to avoid it, mainly celebrities. Recently, makeup youtuber James Charles(who was previously accused of grooming underage boys) was recently accused of exchanging inappropriate messages with two minors. After the allegations started gaining immense momentum on Twitter and Tik Tok, he posted a video accepting “responsibility” for ”…my actions and how they were wrong,” However he also claimed that he was told by the kids that they were 18 (apparently both kids were around 16). Despite these and several other disturbing accusations James hasn’t been cancelled yet for his actions. While he was replaced as host for a show he co-created called ” Instant Influencer,” he hasn’t nearly faced the full backlash of cancel culture as many others have . He faces zero legal action and hasn’t even lost his sponsors. Currently he’s still making videos as if nothing even happened.

Another prime example of someone escaping Cancel culture is actor Jussie Smollett, “Empire” actor who claimed he was attacked by two white racists in Chicago in early 2019. His assailants, who he described to be wearing “MAGA” hats and allegedly beat him, called him slurs, poured bleach on him and even placed a noose around his neck. His story picked up national attention as people called to “Stop Racism!” He received support from thousands of people calling for justice. As time passed, his story unraveled. Chicago police were led to the Osundairo brothers, former extras on “Empire” who claimed that Jussie paid them to beat him up in an attempt to earn more fame. Smollett would be arrested on “16 felony counts of ‘false report of offense.” But on March 26,2019 the Chicago/Cook County District attorney’s office dismissed Smollett on all charges. Something that would normally receive insane backlash. But instead the whole entire incident was sweeped under the rug. Instead of tearing Jussie to pieces for is unbelievable hate crime hoax, the media would proceed to bury it with the reason that” “hate crime hoaxes are vanishingly rare.” With the website “Quartz” going so far to proclaim, ”The Jussie Smollett Case Shows Exactly Why We Need to Take Hate Crimes More Seriously.”

How are some people able to avoid the wrath of Cancel culture? Their isn’t a solid answer for it, but allow me to speculate. Certain people escape Cancel culture through political affiliation. Both examples along with several unnamed ones are all openly Democratic. People who tend to affiliate themselves with LGBT, POC, women, or other minority demographics rarely face cancel culture. It’s also possible that their followers turn a blind eye on their actions since it could damage their movements more than help them. Think back to Jussie’s or James allegation’s. If their actions were put on the front burner of the news and Social media, it would likely damage the groups they are representing(LGBT, POC). Can you imagine the potential setbacks the LGBT community would face if James Charles(a LGBT celebrity) grooming minors got on either Fox or CNN news? Or the how fast the the “Stop Racism!” calls would fizzle if Jussie’s hoax got the same national attention as his “attack” did? People “turn the other cheek” on theses awful actions in order to prevent their groups from receiving a damaged reputation.

Of course it could also be that they got lucky.

While certain people may avoid the wrath of Cancel culture. The rest of us aren’t as lucky. The idea behind it is to cancel the offender in order to fix the problem. But rather than fix it. Cancel culture makes it much worse. A example as to why can be seen in smokers. In a study conducted by researcher at UCLA two groups of smokers were brought in and given several tasks to do. Both groups were given several cigarettes of their favorite brand. The goal of the research was to see how long the groups could do their tasks before they need to smoke. The only difference between the groups is that group 1 was given a neutral message about their participation in the experiment while group 2 was randomly exposed to negative stereotypes about smokers culled from former antismoking campaigns. Through the experiment it was discovered that ”Participants exposed to the stigmatizing messages lighted up(smoked) sooner, on average, than participants in the control group. ” In fact after 40 minutes almost all of group 2 had started to smoke, while only 20% of group one did. One of the underlying reasons this happened is a psychological phenomenon known as stereotype threat were”…people are so anxious about being identified in a negative way that they end end confirming the behaviors they are trying so hard to disprove.” It’s basically like a self fulling prophecy, you end up becoming the thing your trying to avoid. Unfortunately this kind of behavior isn’t solely restricted to smoking either.

This kind of behavior can be seen by the targets of Human rights groups who are shamed as a tactic. In an article published by Cambridge university about rights groups shaming people it was stated that “Shame is indeed a potent motivator, but its effects are often counterproductive.” The article continues on by saying that “..shaming is likely to produce anger, resistance, backlash, and deviance from outgroup norms, or denial and evasion.” Meaning that through the efforts of shaming people the human rights groups are getting farther from their goals rather than closer to it. Resulting in the creation of more adversaries to their movement, causing the cycle to repeat. Cancel’s cultures attempts to snub out racism in people instead adds fuel to the fire. Pushing people away from their movements.

References

Reilly, W. Are Hate Crime Hoaxers Above the Law? . Acad. Quest. 32, 553–561 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12129-019-09829-x

Snyder, J. (2020). Backlash against human rights shaming: Emotions in groups. International Theory, 12(1), 109-132. doi:10.1017/S1752971919000216

: Shaming Smokers Can Backfire — Journal Report – ABI/INFORM Collection – ProQuest (rowan.edu)

Vujić, K. (2021, April 05). A guide to the many, many scandals of James Charles. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.thecut.com/article/james-charles-allegations-and-accusations-explained.html

Holding myself accountable. (2021, April 01). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsjwRp8_lWA

Gypsy crusader origin story. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://www.bitchute.com/video/4rT3P97tlDV6/

 Huffman, E. M. (2016). Call-out culture: How online shaming affects social media participation in young adults (Order No. 10120833). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1795577817).

Brooks, David . 2019. “The Cruelty of Call-Out Culture.” New York Times, January 14. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/opinion/call-out-social-justice.html.

Trottier, D. (2018). Coming to terms with shame: Exploring mediated visibility against transgressions. Surveillance & Society, 16(2), 170-182. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.rowan.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fcoming-terms-with-shame-exploring-mediated%2Fdocview%2F2138979618%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D13605

The callout. (2018, April 13). Retrieved March 08, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2018/04/13/601971617/the-callout

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Research Paper- Thecommoncase

Posted on April 25, 2021 by thecommoncase

How the U.S. Should Fight the Opioid Crisis

In the midst of the United States’ opioid epidemic, it is troubling to know that opioids are still one of the most commonly prescribed drugs. Taking opioids comes with many dangers, but there is a reason that doctors and patients are willing to take this potentially huge risk. Prescription opioid use is considered to be indisputable, due to its effectiveness against short-term and long-term pain. The risk clearly outweighs the reward, but opioid use prevails over all other types of pain medication. The reason for this is because opioids are in surplus supply, readily available, and heavily researched. The government’s efforts to decrease the use of opioids have become weaker in the past few years, and the opioid manufacturers are refusing to back down on excessive opioid development. There needs to be a drug with the benefit opioids have, without the high risk of addiction.

Few people seem to know exactly what opioids are, what they do, and how the opioid crisis should be handled. The natural chemical found in the opium poppy plant is called opiate, and this is what professionals use to make the type of drug known as opioids. Opioid is an umbrella term that identifies drugs that are used as painkillers, not including over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen and tylenol, which don’t have any euphoric effects like opioids do. Opioids are able to ease varying degrees of pain, and are incredibly helpful when a patient is physically suffering from surgery, injury, or a chronic disease. When someone takes an opioid like OxyContin, the chemical interacts with pain receptors throughout the nervous system, lessening the intensity of pain. There is a high chance that a person will become addicted to opioids, and there are many other harmful side effects. Opioids can cause nausea, memory loss, and can decrease blood pressure and heart rate. This can be difficult for people who are taking other medications, who could benefit from the use of opioids but cannot take them due to the mixture of all the strong medications in their body.

The CDC has spent many years gathering information about the risks and benefits of opioids, and have published the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain which strongly suggests that “clinicians should prescribe immediate-release opioids instead of extended-release /long-acting (ER/LA) opioids.” These modifications allow doctors to use opioids for many types of situations. A patient suffering an injury from a car accident may be prescribed a short-term opioid medication, where the effects of the drug only last a few hours. On the other hand, a person with chronic pain who has tried every other treatment option may benefit from a long-acting opioid. 

It is bittersweet, but medical professionals have been able to gather so much research and data about opioid use and opioid addiction due to the opioid epidemic. The United States government is willing to put a lot of money and man-power into studying the effects of opioids and opioid addiction since it has been plaguing the country for many years. There is not much that researchers do not know about opioids, and scientists have found ways to change and manipulate the duration of opioids effects thanks to all the research the United States government has supported. 

Opioids can be modified to fit a person’s degree of pain, and they are widely available in the United States. In 2019 the CDC released the total number of opioids that were described in that year, and over 153 million were given to patients across the U.S.. Opioids sole purpose is to help people manage pain, so it makes sense that it would be used vastly. In the United States, accidents are incredibly common and thousands of people suffer from injuries daily. Opioids are very effective in treating short-term pain from things like accidents, but that is not exactly what makes people addicted to opioids.

Not only do opioids block pain receptors in the brain and spinal cord, they also create a feeling of euphoria in those taking it. This is the feeling that people are likely to succumb to when they take opioids. It does not matter if the treatment was meant to help with short-term or long-term pain, the combined power of not feeling pain and an overwhelming feeling of euphoria makes the risk of addiction incredibly high. The National Institute on Drug Abuse warns that “regular use- even as prescribed by a doctor- can lead to dependence and, when misused, can lead to addiction, overdose incidents, and deaths.” If this feeling of euphoria, or the “high” that people feel were nonexistent, no one would become addicted to opioid medications.

There is no doubt that opioid abuse is a huge problem in the United States. In order to lessen the damage of the opioid epidemic, there needs to be a safer alternative that can still help patients that are dealing with long-term or short-term pain. This drug would need to be able to block pain receptors in the brain and nervous system at the same, or at least a similar, level of strength as opioids. Not only does it have to be powerful, but it cannot give patients a sense of euphoria when they take it. Instead, that component should be replaced with something that makes people feel mildly uncomfortable. That way, opioid users do not feel compelled to continue taking the drug once they are no longer prescribed to it.

The United States of America heavily relies on prescription drug use. In fact, over 131 million adults take some type of prescription drug, which means that there is a high demand and high profit within the pharmaceutical industry. Opioids are a popular drug that makes pharmacies large sums of money, and even though the damage from the opioid crisis has been catastrophic, some doctors prescribe opioids irresponsibly because they are influenced by opioid manufacturers. The pharmaceutical industry believes that no alternative drug can compete with opioids, so for them, the benefits outweigh the deadly cost. The response from the government about the opioid epidemic has been ineffective, since the crisis has only worsened with the past three decades. With Big Pharma lobbyists within the government, no research is being funded by the government to find a solution. The pharmaceutical industry refuses to consider other types of pain medication and the government’s neglect towards medical research funding caused the opioid crisis.

Opioids are used as pain-relievers, and can be prescribed by doctors for many types of physical ailments. But the United States is facing an opioid epidemic, so the number of opioid prescriptions should be decreasing or at least be heavily discouraged, but that is not the case. In 2017, CNN and Harvard T.H. Chan  released a study titled Physicians’ opioid prescribing patterns linked to patient’s risk of long term drug use where they compared databases that tracked how much pharmaceutical companies paid doctors and the number of prescriptions doctors wrote, which revealed that, “among doctors in the top 25th percentile of opioid prescribers by volume, 72% received payments,” and that “among the very biggest prescribers — those in the top 10th of 1% — 95% received payments.” The article explained how drug manufacturers can pay doctors to consult and provide other services, but doctors cannot accept more payment for prescribing more. The loophole around this law is that opioid manufacturers will have doctors who are frequent prescribers consult with them rather than doctors that don’t prescribe opioids as frequently. The pharmaceutical industry believes that opioids are the most effective pain killer available, and manufacturers do anything to ensure that opioid use never ends. The doctors are just as corrupt in this situation, and are just as responsible as the opioid manufacturers for causing the opioid epidemic.

The government’s handle on the opioid epidemic has done little to help victims of reckless prescribing practices . In an article titled, Are Substance-Use Disorders in the USA a Crime or Crisis? Restorative Justice to Reclaim Voting Rights for Disenfranchised Nonviolent Offenders, writer Tyriesa Howell states that “while many states, cities, and counties are initiating lawsuits against prescription opioid producers for their roles in the opioid epidemic, a federally responsive war on pharmaceutical opioid sales has not been initiated and physicians have only been recommended to reduce overprescribing pain medication through the use of prescription drug monitoring programs.” The government has laws in place that punishes those in possession of illegal drugs and frequently acts on those laws, but legal drug dealers like doctors and opioid manufacturers are not being punished by the federal government. The government’s answer to fighting the opioid epidemic has been to put people in jail, but this does not help them with their addiction, and many people relapse once they are released. The opioid epidemic affects more than the health of opioid users, it affects their family, their job, and their reputation. If the government had supported research to find alternatives instead of criminalizing nonviolent drug users, then less people would be in those illegal situations in the first place.

Even though not every person prescribed an opioid becomes addicted, the increase in opioid use inevitably leads to an increased risk of a person succumbing to an opioid addiction. Harvard T.H. Chan’s study also revealed that, “one out of every 48 people newly prescribed an opioid will become a long term user.” Prescription opioid medications are commonly used by people who suffer from chronic pain. Manufacturers capitalize on this, and make opioid medications very expensive since people need it to function throughout the day without pain. The government only helps those who can be covered by medicaid, and has done very little to help the other thousands of people who cannot afford their medications. If people can no longer afford their medications, they might turn to more dangerous options.

The illegal drug market is equally as large as the United States’ pharmaceutical industry, and both profit off people that become addicted to opioids. People who can no longer afford a pharmaceutical medication often replace their medications with an illegal drug. The sole purpose of opioid use in medicine is to treat pain, and since it has shown to be the most effective in doing so, most illegal drugs won’t satisfy opioid users. Heroin is an opioid that is even stronger than prescription pills, so it is likely that people who can’t afford prescription medication will turn to heroin since it is even more effective than opioid pills. Heroin is the most dangerous type of opioid and is considered to be a Schedule I drug, meaning that it is not used in any type of medication and is considered highly addictive according to the DEA. Now these regular people who simply wanted to find affordable treatment are involving themselves in illegal activities with potentially dangerous drug dealers, putting themselves in more desperate situations. Even if opioid users do not turn to illegal drugs, there are other ways they can obtain the drug that will relieve their pain and cravings. Some people injure themselves enough to where they can be given pain relievers in the emergency room. A disturbing act like that shows how disorienting opioid use can be, and what lengths people will reach to relieve their cravings.

Instead of trying to find an alternative drug, the government continues to allow doctors and pharmacies to distribute drugs to people who could be using alternative pain therapy that has less damaging repercussions. Unfortunately, there is little research being done on possible alternatives. There is currently no drug within the pharmaceutical industry that has enough credibility to be a reliable source of profit, and if the industry cannot profit, then they will certainly have no interest in it.

The human species has been using opium as medical treatment for thousands of years, almost as far back as human existence itself. Countless medical practices and treatments have been discarded once better methods are discovered, yet very little has changed with opioid therapy in the thousands of years it has been used. Opioids are used in modern medical practice everyday and it is impossible to deny that their effectiveness in treating pain and the elated feeling people experience when taking opioids are what make this drug so valuable and dangerous. Regardless of the potential dangers, there are still many opioid advocates who claim that opioid use is too important to the treatment of certain medical conditions for it to be prohibited due to its lethal side effects. If opioids suddenly disappeared with no alternative, millions of people would die from withdrawal or overdose from another deadly drug. It is important to understand that opioids are a vital part of the medicinal world, and that they will never go away. But it is also important to realize that, though opioids prolong the absence of pain, they also shorten lifetimes. With so many advancements in medicine, there has never been a better time to start searching for an alternative. Opioids’ ability to withstand the test of time is impressive, but it is time to evolve from outdated and dangerous opioids.

In The Clinical Journal of Pain’s article titled, The Opioid Debate-Pro: Opioids Have an Important Role in Pain Management in Children, Dr. Elliot Krane suggests that the current guidelines to opioid prescribing are too strict, which means that some people who may need opioids are not getting them. He argues that those on the anti-opioid side believe that “all society must do is to restrict and curtail the availability of opioids to patients, beef up law enforcement, incarcerate over-prescribers and users, and the fire will be extinguished.” In a perfect world, this is all we would have to do, but experts know that this issue is too complicated for such a simple plan of action. It is extremely unreasonable to believe that the opioid crisis can be solved by prohibiting it, since it would be detrimental to those who are currently prescribed opioids. In the article, There’s Never Just One Side to the Story, Bioethicist Travis Rieder believes that the solution to the opioid epidemic is inevitably going to come to a compromise, though it won’t be easy. Rieder talks about how “the pendulum swing toward radical permissiveness was, undeniably, incredibly harmful—it helped launch today’s drug overdose crisis, and even as that crisis moves away from prescription opioids and toward illicit drugs, it continues to feed it. But a full-on swing back toward the prohibitionist attitude that led us to withhold opioids from desperate patients would also be a tragedy.” Those on the anti-opioid side are aware that, if opioids were abolished with no alternative, it would likely lead thousands of desperate people to use illegal and more dangerous drugs, which is the opposite of the goal both sides want to achieve. If people can no longer receive their treatment from a doctor, they will find another way to treat their pain. Both sides of the opioid argument want to see patients struggling with pain get the treatment they need, and both sides also wish to put an end to the opioid epidemic. But the anti-opioid side wants to take it a step further by advocating for pain relief options that do not have extreme risks.

 In cases where no other therapy or medication is able to soothe a patient’s pain, opioids have proven to be 100% effective. Opioids have played a large role in helping professionals make breakthroughs in medicine, and Dr. Elliot Krane is quick to point out that “opiates have brought relief to the suffering, made surgical procedures possible and routine, and have salvaged countless lives that otherwise would have been lost.” Opioids are especially helpful in surgeries, and without opioids to help patients handle their pain, none of them would not be able to withstand any surgery. Many patients who have struggled with their pain and have exhausted every other type of therapy have found that opioid medication will change their lives for the better.

In 2018, a randomized clinical trial launched by Dr. Erin Kreb et al to test the effectiveness of opioid vs. non-opioid pain treatment in patients with chronic back or hip pain. This trial lasted a year and had 240 participants, with one group receiving either an “immediate-release morphine, oxycodone, or hydrocodone/acetaminophen” and the second group receiving “acetaminophen (paracetamol) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.” The results of their study found that “adverse medication-related symptoms were significantly more common in the opioid group over 12 months,” and concluded that opioid treatment “was not superior to treatment with nonopioid medications for improving pain-related function over 12 months.” This clinical trial shows that opioid use is not a reasonable treatment option for those with chronic pain, and that it is possible to tolerate pain with over the counter medication. The “adverse” side effects of opioids are life ruining, and opioids are only a temporary life saver. Opioids make the pain manageable, but daily use builds a tolerance that knows no limit. Eventually, even opioids will not be enough to tolerate the pain. 

A key difference between opioids and nonopioid treatments is that opioids bind to opioid receptors in the brain, releasing endorphins. Opioids not only make people feel great physically, but it also gives them a feeling of euphoria. This combination is what makes opioids a valuable pain reliever. The euphoric feeling is the reason thousands of people end up addicted to opioids. The National Institute on Drug Abuse advises that “the best way to avoid opioid addiction is to take opioid pain medications only as prescribed by a doctor, and only for as long as you need them.” Those in favor of opioids fail to mention the effects of opioid euphoria in pain management. There are safer alternatives that can have similar effects as opioids, but without the deadly consequences.

It may seem like an unhinged proposal, but medical marijuana has shown promising results in pain treatment, and has less severe side effects compared to opioids. Marijuana is also in surplus supply and readily available, but more research needs to be conducted in order for it to be approved by the federal government. Marijuana may not be the solution to the opioid crisis, but it would bring the United States one step closer to finding it by providing safer options for people suffering from pain. 

References

Krane, E. J. (2019). The Opioid Debate—PRO. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35(6), 468–472. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000700.

Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, et al. Effect of Opioid vs Nonopioid Medications on Pain-Related Function in Patients With Chronic Back Pain or Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: The SPACE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(9):872–882. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0899

Physicians’ opioid prescribing patterns linked to patients’ risk for long-term drug use. (2018, June 22). Retrieved March 27, 2021, from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/opioids-addiction-physicians/

Rieder, T. N. (2018). There’s never just one side to the story: Why america must stop swinging the opioid pendulum. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics, 8(3), 225-231. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1353/nib.2018.0071

The more opioids doctors prescribe, the more they get paid. (2019, September 16). Retrieved March 27, 2021, from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/opioids-doctors-prescriptions-payments/

Tyriesa, H. H. (2019). Are substance-use disorders in the USA a crime or crisis? restorative justice to reclaim voting rights for disenfranchised nonviolent offenders. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 4(2), 103-107. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1007/s41134-018-0069-0

University, G. (2019, February 13). Prescription drugs. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from https://hpi.georgetown.edu/rxdrugs/#:~:text=More%20than%20131%20million%20people,and%20those%20with%20chronic%20conditions.

What is an opioid? (2016, May 25). Retrieved from https://archives.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/what-opioid

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